The need for nutritional sources safer than traditional animal products has renewed interest generally in plants and particularly in microalgae. Microalgae have diverse uses in aquaculture, their applications are mainly to provide nutrition and to enhance the colour of the flesh of salmonids. The larvae of molluscs, echinoderms and crustaceans as well as some fish larvae feed on microalgae. Several studies have confirmed that a live multi-specific, low bacterial and microalgal biomass remains essential for shellfish hatcheries. Major advances are expected from new production system, designs and operations from batch run open tanks to more sophisticated continuously-run and closed loop reactors. Currently, studies are underway to examine the cost-effectiveness of the on- and off-site microalgal production systems which can only be achieved by substantial scaling-up and improved quality control. In order to attain sustainability in the usage of microalgae, a systems-based approach is required which integrates different fields such as biotechnology, bioprocess and management procedures.

Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture

Mankind has recognized the value of land plants as renewable sources of food, medicine, and materials for millennia. Throughout human history, agricultural methods were continuously modified and improved to meet the changing needs of civilization. Today, our rapidly growing population requires further innovation to address the practical limitations and serious environmental concerns associated with current industrial and agricultural practices. Microalgae are a diverse group of unicellular photosynthetic organisms that are emerging as next-generation resources with the potential to address urgent industrial and agricultural demands. The extensive biological diversity of algae can be leveraged to produce a wealth of valuable bioproducts, either naturally or via genetic manipulation. Microalgae additionally possess a set of intrinsic advantages, such as low production costs, no requirement for arable land, and the capacity to grow rapidly in both large-scale outdoor systems and scalable, fully contained photobioreactors. Here, we review technical advancements, novel fields of application, and products in the field of algal biotechnology to illustrate how algae could present high-tech, low-cost, and environmentally friendly solutions to many current and future needs of our society. We discuss how emerging technologies such as synthetic biology, high-throughput phenomics, and the application of internet of things (IoT) automation to algal manufacturing technology can advance the understanding of algal biology and, ultimately, drive the establishment of an algal-based bioeconomy.

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Emerging Technologies in Algal Biotechnology: Toward the Establishment of a Sustainable, Algae-Based Bioeconomy.

Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

http://www.ecofisiologia.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2009-Substitution-of-fish-meal-with-plant-protein.pdf

Substitution of fish meal with plant protein sources and energy budget for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)

Substitution of fishmeal with microbial floc meal and soy protein concentrate in diets for the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The feasibility of substituting soybean meal for fishmeal diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (035±001 g) was evaluated, and an adequate substitution level was determined Five diets were evaluated using 46%, 59%, 75%, 88% and 100% substitution levels Pellet water stability was significantly affected by dietary soybean content (P<005) Increased soybean content produced lower pellet stability, ranging from a dry matter loss of 14–22% after a 2-h immersion, and 20–33% after an 8-h immersion After 52 days, significant differences (P<005) were found in shrimp weight, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio The values were 064–106 g, 28–79 and 045–121, respectively, for the three measurements Overall, better results were obtained with diets where soybean meal was substituted for fishmeal up to 75% The 100% soybean meal diet resulted in poor growth performance of shrimp Survival rates were acceptable for all treatments (90% or higher) and no significant differences were found in survival between treatments Regression analysis using the broken-line methodology indicated that 765±2% is an optimum soybean substitution level in diets that contained fishmeal and soybean as the major protein sources for grow-out of juvenile white shrimp

Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (Pérez‐Farfante & Kensley 1997)

Summary White Shrimp juveniles (Litopenaeus schmitti) nutritional requirements: practical diets evaluation With the objective of determining the effect of several protein/energy ratios (P/E), on the growth of white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti juveniles, by means of the utilization of practical diets, a completely aleatory experimental design at laboratory scale, during 59 days was developed. It was evaluated 12 diets with several contents of pro teins, lipids and carbohydrates. The growth was higher in the shrimps fed with the diets that contained 33 and 28% of protein, reaching their maximum value in the interval of P /E ratio between 105-127 mg of protein/Kcal. The nutritional factors assessed were better in that organisms fed with the diets of bigger protein content. The general proteolitic activity (APG) and esterase activity showed significant differences between treatments and they were directly proportional with the P/E ratio. P/E ratios between 105-127 mg of protein/Kcal corresponding to energy levels between 296-319 Kcal/100 g promoted the best growths in Litopenaeus schmitti juveniles.

Requerimientos nutricionales de juveniles de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus schmitti): evaluación de dietas prácticas

Requerimientos de proteína en postlarvas del camarón blanco Penaeus schmitti

Para evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de proteina y densidades de siembra sobre el crecimiento de juveniles de camaron Litopenaeus schmitti (0.18+0.03 g de peso inicial medio), se desarrollo un diseno experimental totalmente aleatorizado en estanque de tierra durante 72 dias, con 16 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones, combinando 3 niveles de proteina (28, 30 y 35 %) y 4 densidades de siembra (10, 15, 20 y 25 camarones/m2 ). Como patron se establecio un tratamiento sin alimentar para definir la contribucion del alimento natural al crecimiento de los camarones. Los resultados indicaron interaccion altamente significativa (P<0.05) entre nivel de proteina en la dieta y densidad de siembra. Al aumentar la densidad de siembra tanto el crecimiento como el incremento de la biomasa normalizada, fueron menores en un 38 y 43% respectivamente. Las mejores tallas se alcanzaron cuando se combino densidad de siembra de 10 camarones/m2 y alimento de 30% de proteina, que fue significativamente superior al resto de las combinaciones ensayadas. Los camarones que permanecieron sin alimento suplementario presentaron un crecimiento semanal entre 0.72 y 0.44 g para la menor y la mayor densidad respectivamente. La supervivencia vario desde 75-100%. La contribucion del alimento natural al crecimiento fue entre 58.2–87.9% y los copepodos constituyeron el 65 % del total de organismos del zoobentos. Una alta correlacion negativa se encontro entre la cantidad de organismos epibentonicos y las densidades de siembra ensayadas

José Galindo

Papers

Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (Pérez‐Farfante & Kensley 1997)

Requerimientos nutricionales de juveniles de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus schmitti): evaluación de dietas prácticas

Requerimientos de proteína en postlarvas del camarón blanco Penaeus schmitti

Evaluación de niveles de proteína y densidades de siembra en el crecimiento del camarón blanco Litopenaeus schmitti

Optimización de la tabla de alimentación para el engorde de Penaeus schmitti