Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

A number of closed-loop postulations to explain motor skills learning and performance phenomena have appeared recently, but each of these views suffers from either (a) logical problems in explaining the phenomena or (b) predictions that are not supported by the empirical evidence. After these difficulties are discussed, a new theory for discrete motor learning is proposed that seems capable of explaining the existing findings. The theory is based on the notion of the schema and uses a recall memory to produce movement and a recognition memory to evaluate response correctness. Some of the predictions are mentioned, research techniques and paradigms that can be used to test the predictions are listed, and data in support of the theory are presented.

A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/com/47/6/419.pdf

Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.

http://egret.psychol.cam.ac.uk/publications/2002/9_Cardinal_2002_NBBR_26_321_Emotion_and_motivation_amygdala_VS_PFC_MANUSCRIPT.pdf

Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex

A consensual, componential model of emotions conceptualises them as experiential, physiological, and behavioural responses to personally meaningful stimuli. The present review examines this model in terms of whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system, how such responses are structured, and if such responses converge across different response systems. Across response systems, the bulk of the available evidence favours the idea that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states. In addition, experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance, which in turn limits the magnitude of convergence across measures. Accordingly, the authors suggest that there is no “gold standard” measure of emotional responding. Rather, experiential, physiological, and behavioural measures are all relevant to understanding emotion and cannot ...

/pdf/measures-of-emotion-a-review-3csmp03lv6.pdf

Measures of emotion: A review

charges were for neuropsychiatric disorders. It was impossible for such a situation not to come to the attention of command. The response is amply documented in the present volume. Neuropsychiatry in World War II deals with the frustrations, failures, and successes of the administrative and professional personnel in negotiating the Scylla and Charybdis between organizational responsibility and respect for the individual. In a setting where necessity often dictated policy, where policy was not always consistent but quick to change, and where the decision-making apparatus was, at best, cumbersome with little congruence between expertise and power, this was no mean task. It is a credit to the inventiveness and persistence of the people involved that some 25 years later it is possible to write not only of the lessons learned, but also of the changes resulting from these lessons. Nor should the lessons be regarded as unimportant, for they include the conceptual foundations of many current psychiatric practices, particularly in the spheres of milieu therapy and community psychiatry. The book, however, is not primarily concerned with clinical issues. It is, foremost a historical account of the processes that defined policy and thereby determined the clinical workload of the psychiatrist. While there is statistical data on the prevalence and incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders, and theoretical material, particularly in reference to the issues of secondary gain and the relationship between predisposition and stress, the vast majority of the sections on psychiatry in practice discuss the elaboration of the organization of services and the recruitment and training of core personnel. If the reader's interest is in the relationship between policy formation, organizational structure, and program development, Neuropsychiatry in World War II is to be recommended. The reader should be forewarned, however, that the book itself suffers from certain organizational deficits related to the multiplicity of authors and manifest by a degree of repetitiousness and redundancy.

Integrative Activity of the Brain

Permanent implantation of multilead electrodes in the brain.

The first section of the book, devoted to virus structure, summarizes the rapid advances in our knowledge of molecular subunits and their assembly that have resulted from the use of the negative staining technique in electron microscopy. This section demonstrates vividly the present sophistication of our understanding in this area. Two sections follow in which the emphasis is upon highly specialized studies of the biochemical events occurring during the replication of prototype animal, plant, and bacterial viruses. Despite considerable groundwork , and the recent utilization of powerful new techniques such as density gradient centrifugation, and actinomycin D inhibition of host cellular RNA synthesis, many of the details of these processes remain obscure. The problem of how tumor viruses act to convert cells to neoplasia is one which may, however, find its ultimate resolution in this area of study. The discussion of avian tumor viruses is devoted largely to recent studies with the leucosis group, for which a variety of powerful new techniques has recently become available. Especially notable is the paper by Baluda, et al. that concerns induction of differentiation in different target cells, in 7Atro, by myeloblastosis virus. Baluda's group is beginning to explore the exciting implications for the problem of differentiation inherent in the avian tumor viruses. Remaining sections review advances in most other active fields of research in tumor virology, e.g., mouse leukemia, Papova virus biology, and the role of viruses in X-ray and carcinogen "induced" leukemogenesis. The latter area shows promise of satisfying the "unitarians," in that tumor-inducing viruses are being recovered in increasing number from a variety of X-ray and carcinogen-induced tumors (Berenblum; Kinosita). Although the notable advances in etiologic studies carried out in animals have not yet found their parallels in man, the papers of Horsfall, Hillerman, and Burkitt strongly suggest that, in this case also, the unitarians" will prevail. In summary, the present volume presents an up-to-date, readable introduction to some of the more exciting aspects of contemporary tumor virology. There is a good balance between strictly experimental papers, interpretative reviews, and open discussion. An adequate index increases the value of the book. Stereotaxic techniques for exploration of the brain have flourished in the last two decades, and a good collection of stereotaxic atlases for different species has appeared in the literature (see review and bibliography in The book which I am reviewing here is a collection of 34 excellent photographs of brain …

José M. R. Delgado

Papers

Integrative Activity of the Brain

Permanent implantation of multilead electrodes in the brain.

The Septum of the Cat

Neurological Basis of Behaviour