▪ Abstract This review presents existing data and research on the global distribution of the impacts of oil production and consumption. The review describes and analyzes the environmental, social, and health impacts of oil extraction, transport, refining, and consumption, with a particular focus on the distribution of these burdens among socioeconomic and ethnic groups, communities, countries, and ecosystems. An environmental justice framework is used to analyze the processes influencing the distribution of harmful effects from oil production and use. A critical evaluation of current research and recommendations for future data collection and analysis on the distributional and procedural impacts of oil production and consumption conclude the review.

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Just oil? the distribution of environmental and social impacts of oil production and consumption

Corrosion is a subject of interest to interdisciplinary research communities, combining fields of materials science, chemistry, physics, metallurgy and chemical engineering. In order to understand mechanisms of corrosion and the function of corrosion inhibitors, the reactions at the interfaces between the corrosive electrolyte and a steel surface, particularly at the initial stages of the corrosion process, need to be described. Naturally, these reactions are strongly affected by the nature and properties of the steel surfaces. It is however seen that the majority of recent corrosion and corrosion-inhibition investigations are limited to electrochemical testing, with ex situ analysis of the treated steels (post-exposure analysis). The characterization of materials and their surface properties, such as texture and morphology, are not being considered in most studies. Similarly, in situ investigations of the initial stages of the corrosion reactions using advanced surface characterization techniques are scarce. In this review, attention is brought to the importance of surface features of carbon steels, such as texture and surface energy, along with defects dislocation related to mechanical processing of carbon steels. This work is extended to a critical review of surface analytical techniques used for characterization of carbon steels in corrosive media with particular focus on examining steel surfaces treated with corrosion inhibitors. Further, emerging surface analysis techniques and their applicability to analyse carbon steels in corrosive media are discussed. The importance of surface properties is commonly addressed by surface scientists as well as researchers in other chemistry fields such as nanotechnology, fuel cells, and catalysis. This article is expected to appeal to a broad scientific community, including but not limited to corrosion scientists, material chemists, analytical chemists, metal physicists, corrosion and materials engineers.

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Carbon steel corrosion: a review of key surface properties and characterization methods

Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength pipeline steels

The science of pipe corrosion: A review of the literature on the corrosion of ferrous metals in soils

Corrosion is a major cause of structural deterioration in marine and offshore structures. It affects the life of process equipment and pipelines, and can result in structural failure, leakage, product loss, environmental pollution and the loss of life. Pitting corrosion is regarded as one of the most hazardous forms of corrosion for marine and offshore structures. The total loss of the structure might be very small, but local rate of attack can be very large and can lead to early catastrophic failure. Pitting corrosion is a localized accelerated dissolution of metal that occurs as a result of a breakdown in the protective passive film on the metal surface. It has been studied for many years; however, the structural failure due to pit characteristics is still not fully understood. Accurate pit depth measurements, precise strength assessment techniques, risk analysis due to pitting, and the mathematical relationship of the environmental factors that causes pitting failure are also factors, which need further understanding. Hence this paper focuses on these issues. It reviews and analyses the current understanding of the pitting corrosion mechanism and investigates all possible factors that can cause pitting corrosion. Furthermore, different techniques employed by scientists and researchers to identify and model the pitting corrosion are also reviewed and analysed. Future work should involve an in-depth scientific study of the corrosion mechanism and an engineering predictive model is recommended in order to assess failure, and thereby attempt to increase the remaining life of offshore assets.

Modelling of pitting corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures – A technical review

A study on the reliability assessment methodology for pipelines with active corrosion defects

Probability distribution of pitting corrosion depth and rate in underground pipelines: A Monte Carlo study

Stochastic modeling of pitting corrosion: A new model for initiation and growth of multiple corrosion pits

A predictive model for pitting corrosion in buried pipelines is proposed. The model takes into consideration the chemical and physical properties of the soil and pipe to predict the time dependence of pitting depth and rate. Maximum pit depths were collected together with soil and pipe data at more than 250 excavation sites over a three-year period. The time dependence of the maximum pit depth was modeled as dmax = κ(t − t0)ν, where t is the exposure time, t0 is the pit initiation time, and κ and ν are the pitting proportionality and exponent parameters, respectively. A multivariate regression analysis was conducted with dmax as the dependent variable and the pipeline age, and the soil and pipe properties as the independent variables. The dependence of κ and ν on the predictor variables was found for the three soil textural classes identified in this study: clay, clay loam, and sandy clay loam. The proportionality parameter κ was found to be primarily influenced by the redox potential, pH value, ...

José Manuel Hallen

Papers

A study on the reliability assessment methodology for pipelines with active corrosion defects

Probability distribution of pitting corrosion depth and rate in underground pipelines: A Monte Carlo study

Stochastic modeling of pitting corrosion: A new model for initiation and growth of multiple corrosion pits

Predictive Model for Pitting Corrosion in Buried Oil and Gas Pipelines

Markov chain modelling of pitting corrosion in underground pipelines