Reaction products (adducts) of acrylamide with N termini of hemoglobin (Hb) are regularly observed in persons without known exposure. The average Hb adduct level measured in Swedish adults is preliminarily estimated to correspond to a daily intake approaching 100 μg of acrylamide. Because this uptake rate could be associated with a considerable cancer risk, it was considered important to identify its origin. It was hypothesized that acrylamide was formed at elevated temperatures in cooking, which was indicated in earlier studies of rats fed fried animal feed. This paper reports the analysis of acrylamide formed during heating of different human foodstuffs. Acrylamide levels in foodstuffs were analyzed by an improved gas chromatographic−mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method after bromination of acrylamide and by a new method for measurement of the underivatized acrylamide by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS), using the MS/MS mode. For both methods the reproducibility, given as coefficient of vari...

Analysis of Acrylamide, a Carcinogen Formed in Heated Foodstuffs

Toxic oxygen free radicals have been implicated as important pathologic mediators in many clinical disorders. We discuss the chemistry of oxygen radical production and the roles of iron an...

Oxygen Radicals and Human Disease

Bipyridine: the most widely used ligand. A review of molecules comprising at least two 2,2'-bipyridine units.

Cigarette smoking remains highly prevalent in most countries. It can affect drug therapy by both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Enzymes induced by tobacco smoking may also increase the risk of cancer by enhancing the metabolic activation of carcinogens. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke are believed to be responsible for the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2 and possibly CYP2E1, CYP1A1 is primarily an extrahepatic enzyme found in lung and placenta. There are genetic polymorphisms in the inducibility of CYP1A1, with some evidence that high inducibility is more common in patients with lung cancer. CYP1A2 is a hepatic enzyme responsible for the metabolism of a number of drugs and activation of some procarcinogens. Caffeine demethylation, using blood clearance or urine metabolite data, has been used as an in vivo marker of CYP1A2 activity, clearly demonstrating an effect of cigarette smoking, CYP2E1 metabolises a number of drugs as well as activating some carcinogens. Our laboratory has found in an intraindividual study that cigarette smoking significantly enhances CYP2E1 activity as measured by the clearance of chlorzoxazone. In animal studies, nicotine induces the activity of several enzymes, including CYP2E1, CYP2A1/2A2 and CYP2B1/2B2, in the brain, but whether this effect is clinically significant is unknown. Similarly, although inhibitory effects of the smoke constituents carbon monoxide and cadmium on CYP enzymes have been observed in vitro and in animal studies, the relevance of this inhibition to humans has not yet been established. The mechanism involved in most interactions between cigarette smoking and drugs involves the induction of metabolism. Drugs for which induced metabolism because of cigarette smoking may have clinical consequence include theophylline, caffeine, tacrine, imipramine, haloperidol, pentazocine, propranolol, flecainide and estradiol. Cigarette smoking results in faster clearance of heparin, possibly related to smoking-related activation of thrombosis with enhanced heparin binding to antithrombin III. Cutaneous vasoconstriction by nicotine may slow the rate of insulin absorption after subcutaneous administration. Pharmacodynamic interactions have also been described. Cigarette smoking is associated with a lesser magnitude of blood pressure and heart rate lowering during treatment with beta-blockers, less sedation from benzodiazepines and less analgesia from some opioids, most likely reflecting the effects of the stimulant actions of nicotine. The impact of cigarette smoking needs to be considered in planning and assessing responses to drug therapy. Cigarette smoking should be specifically studied in clinical trials of new drugs.

Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. An update.

Analysis of complex mixtures – Cigarette smoke

Smoke composition. An extensive investigation of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke

A la fin des annees 1970, de nouvelles technologies de conception d'une cigarette « moins dangereuse » ont ete considerees comme importantes. Au nombre de huit (8) elles impliquent: le melange de tabac, le bout filtre, des additifs du bout filtres, le tabac reconstitue, des additifs du papier a cigarette, la ventilation d'air par la porosite du papier, le tabac expanse et la dilution d'air par la perforation du bout filtre. En plus de ces huit methodes pour la conception de cigarettes, une autre technologie a ete proposee comportant l'incorporation d'un substitut pour une partie ou la totalite du tabac de la cigarette. Malgre des efforts considerables de recherche et de developpement de substituts de tabac, correspondant dans la plupart des cas a la definition d'une cigarette « moins dangereuse » en ce qui concerne les proprietes chimiques et biologiques de la fumee principale, les cigarettes contenant des substituts de tabac n'ont pas reussit a etre acceptee par les fumeurs. En consequence., les produits contenant des substituts de tabac ont ete disponibles sur le marche que pendant tres peu de temps. Cette etude presente un resume des recherches sur la composition de la fumee principale de cigarettes contenant un substitut complet de tabac, une cigarette comportant divers substituts et melanges de tabac, et d'une cigarette faite de tabac normal.

/pdf/comparisons-of-the-composition-of-tobacco-smoke-and-the-3xvekih4xd.pdf

Comparisons of the Composition of Tobacco Smoke and the Smokes from Various Tobacco Substitutes

Depuis presque quatre decennies, l'expansion du tabac a ete reconnue comme l'une des huit technologies de conception d'une cigarette « moins dangereuse ». Cet article passe en revue les donnees presentees lors de conferences scientifiques et/ou publiees dans des monographies et des revues scientifiques sur l'effet de l'expansion du tabac sur la composition et les proprietes biologiques de la fumee du courant principal de cigarette. De plus, cette revue rapporte en detail les resultats d'etudes non publiees jusqu'a present. Celles-ci impliquent: 1) l'effet de l'expansion du tabac sur le rendement en matiere particulaire totale, nicotine, et plusieurs centaines de composees de la fumee principale de cigarettes confectionnees avec du tabac expanse par rapport aux cigarettes conventionnelles. 2) Les changements dans les rendements en matiere particulaire totale, nicotine et composants specifiques de la fumee en fonction du taux de tabac expanse dans le melange. 3) Les changements dans la composition du tabac en fonction de l'expansion. Dans cette derniere etude, la diminution de la teneur en composants aromatiques du tabac provoquee par l'expansion a montre la necessite d'apporter de tels composants dans les formulations aromatiques. Dans l'etude 2), les diminutions du rendement par cigarette en matiere particulaire totale, nicotine et plusieurs composee ont ete determinees et ont souligne l'importance de l'expansion du tabac comme technologie de conception d'une cigarette d'abord nomme « moins dangereuse » mais plus recemment nomme « produit d'exposition potentiellement reduit ». [Beitr. Tabakforsch.

https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/cttr-2013-0840

Joseph N. Schumacher

Papers

Smoke composition. An extensive investigation of the water-soluble portion of cigarette smoke

Comparisons of the Composition of Tobacco Smoke and the Smokes from Various Tobacco Substitutes

The Expansion of Tobacco and Its Effect on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties