Multimodal therapies have been regarded as promising strategies for cancer treatment as compared to conventional drug delivery systems that have various drawbacks in either low loading content, uncontrolled release, non-targeting or biotoxicity. We have developed a multifunctional three-dimensional tumor-targeting drug delivery system, Fe3O4@UIO-66-NH2/graphdiyne (FUGY), based on the hybridization of a novel two-dimensional material, graphdiyne (GDY), with a metal organic framework (MOFs) structure, Fe3O4@UIO-66-NH2 (FU). The FU MOF structure has superior ability for magnetic targeting, and was constructed by an in situ growth method in which it was surface-installed with GDY via amide bonds, as a carrier of anticancer drugs. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded onto FUGY and served as both an anticancer drug to treat the tumor and a fluorescence probe to ascertain the location of FUGY. The results show that FUGY exhibits a high drug loading content of 43.8% and an effective drug release around the tumor cells at pH 5.0. In particular, fluorescence imaging demonstrates that FUGY can deliver more anticancer drugs to tumor tissue than conventional drug delivery systems. Furthermore, FUGY exhibits superior therapeutic efficiencies with negligible side effects as compared to the direct administration of free DOX, both in vitro and in vivo. The obtained FUGY drug delivery system possesses ideal biocompatibility, sustained drug release, effective chemotherapeutic efficacy, and specific targeting abilities. Such a multimodal therapeutic system can facilitate new possibilities for multifunctional drug delivery systems.

An integrated targeting drug delivery system based on the hybridization of graphdiyne and MOFs for visualized cancer therapy.

Stimulated by the success of graphene and diamond, a variety of carbon allotropes have been discovered in recent years in either two-dimensional or three-dimensional configurations. Although these emerging carbon allotropes share some common features, they have certain different and novel mechanical or physical properties. In this review, we present a comparative survey of some of the major properties of fifteen newly discovered carbon allotropes. By comparing their structural topology, we propose a general route for designing most carbon allotropes from two mother structures, namely, graphene and diamond. Furthermore, we discuss several future prospects as well as current challenges in designing new carbon allotropes.

The art of designing carbon allotropes

An overview on nanoparticles used in biomedicine and their cytotoxicity

Global overpopulation, industrial expansion, and urbanization have generated massive
 amounts of wastes. This is considered as a significant worldwide challenge that requires
 an urgent solution. Additionally, remarkable advances in the field of biomedicine
 have impacted the entire spectrum of healthcare and medicine. This has paved the way
 for further refining of the outcomes of biomedical strategies toward early detection
 and treatment of different diseases. Various nanomaterials (NMs) have been dedicated
 to different biomedical applications including drug delivery, vaccinations, imaging
 modalities, and biosensors. However, toxicity is still the main factor restricting
 their use. NMs recycled from different types of wastes present a pioneering approach
 to not only avoid hazardous effects on the environment, but to also implement circular
 economy practices, which are crucial to attain sustainable growth. Moreover, recycled
 NMs have been utilized as a safe, yet revolutionary alternative with outstanding potential
 for many biomedical applications. This review focuses on waste recycled NMs, their
 synthesis, properties, and their potential for multiple biomedical applications with
 special emphasis on their role in the early detection and control of multiple diseases.
 Their pivotal therapeutic actions as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant nanodrugs,
 and vaccines will also be outlined. The ongoing advancements in the design of recycled
 NMs are expanding their diagnostic and therapeutic roles for diverse biomedical applications
 in the era of precision medicine.

/pdf/recent-advances-in-waste-recycled-nanomaterials-for-9kb96cns6e.pdf

Recent advances in waste-recycled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Waste-to-wealth

Regenerative properties are different in every human tissue Nowadays, with the increasing popularity of dental implants, bone regenerative procedures called augmentations are sometimes crucial in order to perform a successful dental procedure Tissue engineering allows for controlled growth of alveolar and periodontal tissues, with use of scaffolds, cells, and signalling molecules By modulating the patient’s tissues, it can positively influence poor integration and healing, resulting in repeated implant surgeries Application of nanomaterials and stem cells in tissue regeneration is a newly developing field, with great potential for maxillofacial bony defects Nanostructured scaffolds provide a closer structural support with natural bone, while stem cells allow bony tissue regeneration in places when a certain volume of bone is crucial to perform a successful implantation Several types of selected nanomaterials and stem cells were discussed in this study Their use has a high impact on the efficacy of the current and future procedures, which are still challenging for medicine There are many factors that can influence the regenerative process, while its general complexity makes the whole process even harder to control The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and advantage of both stem cells and nanomaterials in order to better understand their function in regeneration of bone tissue in oral cavity

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/6/1216/pdf

Selected Nanomaterials' Application Enhanced with the Use of Stem Cells in Acceleration of Alveolar Bone Regeneration during Augmentation Process.

The area of cellular interactions of nanomaterials is an important research interest. The sensitivity of cells toward their extracellular matrix allows researchers to create microenvironments for guided stem cell differentiation. Among nanomaterials, graphene, often called the “wonder material,” and its derivatives are at the forefront of such endeavors. Graphene’s carbon backbone, paired with its biocompatibility and ease of functionalization, has been used as an enhanced method of controlled cell proliferation. Graphene’s honeycomb nature allows for compatibility with polymers and biological material for the creation of nanocomposite scaffolds that help differentiation into cell types that have otherwise been proven difficult. Such materials and their role in guiding cell growth can aid the construction of tissue grafts where shortages and patient compatibility create a low success rate. This review will bring together novel studies and techniques used to understand and optimizes graphene’s role in cell growth mechanisms.

Joshua Huff

Papers

A Review of the Cell to Graphene-Based Nanomaterial Interface