The Transmission Control Protocol.

Cloud environments should provide network performance isolation for co-located untrusted tenants in a virtualized datacenter. We present key properties that a performance isolation solution should satisfy, and present our progress on Gatekeeper, a system designed to meet these requirements. Experiments on our Xen-based implementation of Gatekeeper in a datacenter cluster demonstrate effective and flexible control of ingress/egress link bandwidth for tenant virtual machines under both TCP and greedy unresponsive UDP traffic.

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Gatekeeper: supporting bandwidth guarantees for multi-tenant datacenter networks

Traveling-wave amplification of a lambda = 1.53 microm signal with +22-dB gain is achieved at 295 K in an Er(3+)-doped single-mode fiber using a lambda = 514.5 nm pump source. The optimum fiber length for maximum gain is determined experimentally. A limit in signal-to-noise ratio that is due to concurrent amplification of spontaneous emission is observed. By cooling the fiber to 77 K, the amplifier gain is increased to +29 dB as a result of depopulation of the lower laser level.

High-gain erbium-doped traveling-wave fiber amplifier

Passive optical networks (PONs) have been widely used in access networks and are today the access technology of choice for operators, especially when they need to build new infrastructure. Significant effort has been put in place across the years to scale the speed of passive optical networks. The super-PON concept has also been proposed in order to scale reach and customer aggregation of PONs. However, it did not produce any standardization efforts nor significant commercial deployments. In November 2018, the IEEE 802.3 Working Group formed the P802.3cs “Super-PON” Task Force to standardize a flavor of super-PON able to support an increased optical reach of up to 50 km and an expanded customer coverage of up to 1024 customers per fiber over a passive optical distribution network. A project with near identical objectives was later started in ITU-T Q2/SG15. This paper presents the latest updates from these industry standardization efforts, with special attention to the activity of the IEEE P802.3cs Task Force, and the technical reasoning behind some of the key decisions that have been made.

Super-PON: an evolution for access networks [Invited]

An article of manufacture, apparatus, and a method for facilitating input/output (I/O) processing for an I/O operation at a host computer system configured for communication with a control unit. The method includes the host computer system obtaining a transport command word (TCW) for an I/O operation having both input and output data. The TCW specifies a location of the output data and a location for storing the input data. The host computer system forwards the I/O operation to the control unit for execution. The host computer system gathers the output data responsive to the location of the output data specified by the TCW, and then forwards the output data to the control unit for use in the execution of the I/O operation. The host computer system receives the input data from the control unit and stores the input data at the location specified by the TCW.

Bi-directional data transfer within a single i/o operation

Consolidation of the multiple traffic types present in current data centers over a single unified network is a big trend in the information technology industry. Extensions to 10G Ethernet are making it the most promising technology for achieving I/O consolidation. The emerging Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) protocol plays a critical role in this convergence process. This paper elaborates how FCoE leverages the ubiquity and economics of Ethernet networks while preserving the infrastructure, strengths, and tools of the existing Fibre Channel Storage Area Network (SAN) framework.

The role of FCoE in I/O consolidation

We present a long-reach wavelength-routed time-wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) passive optical network (PON) architecture (LRWR-PON) and its commercial implementation, which supports up to 768 users per fiber strand and up to 50-km transmission distance. The increased reach allows central offices to become more flexible and fewer in quantity, while the increased aggregation reduces the size and number of optical cables needed, enabling smaller trenches to be used. LRWR-PON also contains eight additional point-to-point wavelengths on each fiber to support wireless sites and/or high-speed dedicated bandwidth applications, greatly simplifying converged network designs. Multiple new optical components and modules have been developed to implement our novel architecture. These include a cyclic arrayed waveguide grating to passively aggregate and distribute access wavelengths in the field, an integrated optical amplifier and multiplexer combination device to aggregate optical line terminal (OLT) channels and extend the system reach, several dense wavelength division multiplexing OLT optics, and a colorless TWDM optical network terminal employing low-cost tunable burst-mode lasers. Our analysis shows the simplification of the civil construction enabled by LRWR-PON greatly outweighs the increased optical component complexity. To date, we have conducted a successful field trial with 606 real-life customers for more than 15 months and we have been rolling out LRWR-PON in Google Fiber markets for production services.

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Long-Reach Wavelength-Routed TWDM PON: Technology and Deployment

Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) is a direct mapping of Fibre Channel over lossless Ethernet being defined by the FC-BB-5 working group of the INCITS T11 Technical Committee. This paper presents a summary of the Fibre Channel architecture, elaborates the extensions needed for Ethernet to be lossless, and discusses the architectural models of FCoE, the way in which Fibre Channel frames are mapped into Ethernet frames, the addressing structures used by FCoE, and the control protocol that allows FCoE to be seamlessly integrated in the existing Fibre Channel environments.

FCoE in perspective

We present a TWDM super-PON network with 768 users per-fibre and 50-km transmission distance; including a successful field trial of 606 production users. The proposed architecture also supports eight point-to-point users, enabling support of wireless sites and high-bandwidth applications.

Field Trial of Long-reach TWDM PON for Fixed-Line Wireless Convergence

Automated failover for redundant long-reach TWDM PON is experimentally demonstrated. This novel architecture provides protection to each power splitter without backup OLTs. Instead, optical splitters and amplifiers are used to generate multiple feeds for the redundant feeder fibre.

Joy Jiang

Papers

The role of FCoE in I/O consolidation

Long-Reach Wavelength-Routed TWDM PON: Technology and Deployment

FCoE in perspective

Field Trial of Long-reach TWDM PON for Fixed-Line Wireless Convergence

Experimental Demonstration of Redundant Long-Reach PON