A process for upgrading feedstocks containing not less than about 200 ppm metals, an API gravity of less than about 20°, a Conradson Carbon of more than about 8%, by hydroconversion with hydrogen in the presence of a naturally occurring inorganic material as a catalyst. The invention further provides, inter alia, subsequently fractionating the hydroconverted product and solvent deasphalting the distillation bottoms and optionally hydrodesulfurizing atmospheric distillates and the mix of vacuum gas oils and deasphalted oils separately. When a heavy crude of 12° API, 10% Conradson Carbon, 3.2% sulfur and 350 ppm metals is fed to this process, more than 90% (v/v) of a synthetic crude of 25°API, 0.17% sulfur and only 13.8% (v/v) 950° F.+ fraction may be obtained.

Process for hydroconversion and upgrading of heavy crudes of high metal and asphaltene content

An overview of metals recovery from thermal power plant solid wastes

A hydrometallurgical process is provided for producing pigment grade TiO2 from titaniferous mineral ores, and in particular from ilmenite ore. The ore is leached with a hydrochloric acid, preferably a recycled solution at high hydrochloric acid concentration, to form a leachate containing titanium and iron chloride and a residue. The leachate may be filtered to separate the leachate from the residue. The leachate is cooled to a temperature sufficient to form crystals of FeCl2, which are separated from the leachate. The leachate may be subjected to a reduction step to reduce Fe?+3 to Fe+2?, before crystallizing. The leachate is subjected to a first solvent extraction to form a pregnant strip solution containing titanium and ferric ions and a raffinate containing ferrous ions. This strip solution is subjected to a second solvent extraction to form a second strip solution containing ferric ions and a raffinate containing titanium ions. The first strip solution may be subjected to an oxidization step before the second solvent extraction. The second raffinate containing titanium ions is hydrolyzed. The hydrolysis can be by water addition or spray hydrolysis. Iron chloride is converted to iron oxide and hydrochloric acid. All product streams containing chlorides are recycled, producing gaseous hydrochloric acid that is used for regenerating the leaching solution.

Processing titaniferous ore to titanium dioxide pigment

A hydrometallurgical process is provided for producing ultrafine or nano-sized titanium dioxide containing solutions, particularly titanium chloride solutions. The process is conducted by total evaporation of the solution, above the boiling point of the solution and below the temperature where there is significant crystal growth. Chemical control additives may be added to control particle size. Nano-sized elemental particles are formed after calcination. The titanium dioxide can be either anatase or rutile. Following calcination, the titanium dioxide is milled to liberate the elemental particles and provide a high quality nano-sized TiO2 with a narrow particle size distribution.

Processing aqueous titanium chloride solutions to ultrafine titanium dioxide

An improved continuous process for converting methane, natural gas, or other hydrocarbon feedstocks into one or more higher hydrocarbons or olefins by continuously cycling through the steps of alkane halogenation, product formation (carbon-carbon coupling), product separation, and regeneration of halogen is provided. Preferably, the halogen is continually recovered by reacting hydrobromic acid with air or oxygen. The invention provides an efficient route to aromatic compounds, aliphatic compounds, mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, olefins, gasoline grade materials, and other useful products.

Continuous process for converting natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons

A process for beneficiating titaniferous ores to a product having a lower percentage content of silicates, and other inerts comprising, at temperatures of 900°-1100° C., passing chlorine through a bed comprising (a) a first fraction of particulate titaniferous ore having about 90% of large particles, (b) a second fraction having about 90% small particles and (c) carbon in an amount equal to 10-30%, by weight, of the total titaniferous ore present, and removing freed silicates and inerts and by-product iron chloride thereby consuming (b) with the titanium dioxide values present in (b) being substituted for iron oxide values present in (a). The beneficiated ore is useful as an intermediate for preparing titanium dioxide pigments.

Process for beneficiating titaniferous ores

Chlorine and iron oxide are produced by the oxidation of iron chlorides and mixtures thereof, produced in the chloride process for beneficiating titaniferous ores, by injecting oxygen in the gas space above the fluidized bed. This void contains iron chloride when the ore is being beneficiated at a temperature of about 1,250* to 1,380* K. The oxygen and iron chloride form a partially oxidized mixture which is passed to a flue and cooled to about 1,025* K to complete the oxidation. The iron oxide and unreacted ferric chloride are recycled to the reactor.

Process for beneficiating a titaniferous ore and production of chlorine and iron oxide

Charging fluidizing gas into fluidized bed reactor

Claimed is a novel titanium dioxide composition having 95.0 to 99.5%, by weight, of titanium dioxide, no more than 1.0%, by weight, of iron oxides, a bulk density in the range of 1.73 to 2.4 g./cc., a hardness (VHN) of 337-650, and a porosity of 0.03 to 0.08 cc./g. produced by passing chlorine through a deep bed of titaniferous ore-carbon mixture containing about 25%, by weight, of carbon at a temperature of about 900* to 1100*C. The product is particularly useful as a raw material for producing titanium dioxide pigment but is also useful as a white pigment as such.

Novel titanium dioxide composition

A two stage process is described for chlorinating aluminum value containing materials such as bauxite, clay, fly ash, etc. The process comprises the steps of: (A) dehydrating the material, if necessary, at a temperature of between about 500° and about 1300° K.; (B) chlorinating the product of step (A) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature below about 1200° K. and under conditions which provide chlorination of a majority of the iron present in the clay without substantial chlorination of titania values which may be present therein with concommittant formation of an iron chloride cloud above the surface of the chlorination reaction mixture; (C) introducing oxygen into the iron chloride cloud under conditions to cause oxidation of a majority of the iron chloride contained in the cloud; and (D) chlorinating the non-gaseous product of step (B) in the presence of chlorine and carbon at a temperature above about 1300° K. but below the fusion temperature of silica containing components and under conditions sufficient to chlorinate substantially entirely the alumina, titania and silica values contained therein.

Jr. Wendell E. Dunn

Papers

Process for beneficiating titaniferous ores

Process for beneficiating a titaniferous ore and production of chlorine and iron oxide

Charging fluidizing gas into fluidized bed reactor

Novel titanium dioxide composition

Two stage chlorination process for aluminum value containing source