Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

▪ Abstract This review describes and critiques some of the many ways agency has been conceptualized in the academy over the past few decades, focusing in particular on practice theorists such as Giddens, Bourdieu, de Certeau, Sahlins, and Ortner. For scholars interested in agency, it demonstrates the importance of looking closely at language and argues that the issues surrounding linguistic form and agency are relevant to anthropologists with widely divergent research agendas. Linguistic anthropologists have made significant contributions to the understanding of agency as it emerges in discourse, and the final sections of this essay describe some of the most promising research in the study of language and gender, literacy practices, and the dialogic construction of meaning and agency.

Language and agency

In the 1980s research on men shifted from studying the “male sex role” and masculinity as a singular trait to studying how men enact diverse masculinities. This research has examined men's behavior as gendered beings in many contexts, from intimate relationships to the workplace to global politics. We consider the strengths and weaknesses of the multiple masculinities approach, proposing that further insights into the social construction of gender and the dynamics of male domination can be gained by focusing analytic attention on manhood acts and how they elicit deference from others. We interpret the literature in terms of what it tells us about how males learn to perform manhood acts, about how and why such acts vary, and about how manhood acts reproduce gender inequality. We end with suggestions for further research on the practices and processes through which males construct the category “men” and themselves as its members.

Men, masculinity, and manhood acts.

Our understanding of power relations in domestic and global settings is crucially informed by analyses of the gendered character of contemporary societies and global politics. Hegemonic masculinity is a crucial concept in such analyses. However, this concept has also been the subject of debate. The concept is currently used to stand in for a singular monolithic masculinity, a global hegemonic form on a world scale and is understood to refer to transnational business masculinity to an elite group of socially dominant men. This conceptualization is reconsidered and an alternative approach presented. Rethinking the term hegemonic masculinity is necessary to produce a more nuanced understanding of privileged legitimating conceptions of manhood, and of relations between different masculinities in the global/national nexus. Such a rethinking provides a means to rethink how gendered global politics, how (gendered) globalization may be conceived.

Rethinking Hegemonic Masculinity in a Globalizing World

Engaging with a figure that came to operate as a powerful cultural signifier of otherness in debates over migrant/Muslim integration across the West, the ‘veiled woman’; the paper questions the idea of agency that inheres in the contemporary feminist discourses on Muslim veil. After showing the shortcomings and adverse effects of two dominant readings of the Muslim veil, as a symbol of women's subordination to men, or as an act of resistance to Western hegemony, it explores an alternative avenue drawing on both the poststructuralist critique of the humanist subject and feminist intersectional theorising to answer the question of what kind of conception of agency can help us to think about the agency of the veiled woman without binding a priori the meaning of her veiling to the teleology of emancipation, whether feminist or anti-imperialist.

Beyond Subordination vs. Resistance: An Intersectional Approach to the Agency of Veiled Muslim Women

Foreword, by Michael Kimmel Introduction, by Judith Kegan Gardiner 1. Unmaking: Men and Masculinity in Feminist Theory, by Robyn Wiegman 2. Reenfleshing the Bright Boys or How Male Bodies Matter to Feminist Theory, by Calvin Thomas 3. Theorizing Age and Gender: Bly's Boys, Feminism, and Maturity Masculinity, by Judith Kegan Gardiner 4. Getting Up There with Tom: The Politics of American "Nice", by Fred Pfeil 5. Pedagogy of the Opaque: Teaching Masculinity Studies, by Sally Robinson 6. Studying Masculinities As Superordinate Studies, by Harry Brod 7. Masculinity Studies: The Longed for Profeminist Movement for Academic Men?, by Judith Newton 8. Long and Winding Road: An Outsider's View of U.S. Masculinity and Feminism, by R. W. Connell 9. Masculinity and the (M)Other: Toward a Synthesis of Feminist Mothering Theory and Psychoanalytic Theories of Narcissism, by Isaac D. Balbus 10. The Enemy Outside: Thoughts on the Psychodynamics of Extreme Violence with Special Attention to Men and Masculinity, by Nancy J. Chodorow 11. Art, Spirituality, and the Ethic of Care: Alternative Masculinities in Chinese American Literature, by King-Kok Cheung 12. Black Male Trouble: The Challenges of Rethinking Masculine Differences, by Michael Awkward 13. Race, Rape, Castration: Feminist Theories of Sexual Violence and Masculine Strategies of Black Protest, by Marlon B. Ross 14. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Men, Women, and Masculinity, by Judith Halberstam

Masculinity studies and feminist theory : new directions

Men who are sure they have them fear other men are losing theirs; women with the authority of possession urge other women to seek and find. "Identity" is a central concept for much contemporary cultural and literary criticism, which, along with its even vaguer terminological twin, the "self," has become a cliche without becoming clear. The word "identity" is paradoxical in itself, meaning both sameness and distinctiveness, and its contradictions proliferate when it is applied to women. Carolyn Heilbrun's brave book, Reinventing Womanhood, inadvertently illustrates some current confusions about female identity and literature. For example, she claims that successful women are "male-identified" but that it is a "failure" for a "woman to take her identity from her man."' Women never form a self because they "need never undergo an identity crisis," yet they have an identity to lose: "the price of wifehood is abandonment of self" (pp. 103, 178). And fictional women are worse off than real ones: women's "search for identity has been even less successful within the world of fiction than outside it" (p. 72). Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar find "the woman's quest for self-definition" the underlying plot of nineteenth-century writing by women, while Elaine Showalter sees "self-discovery," "a search for identity," as the main theme of women's literature since 1920.2 In a recent anthology of feminist criticism, one scholar claims that "a feminist critique . . . is helping women to

http://sofia82.persiangig.com/document/Misc/mehri1.pdf

On Female Identity and Writing by Women

Provoking agents : gender and agency in theory and practice

Offers a comprehensive guide to the current state of scholarship about men, masculinities and gender around the world. Michael Flood from La Trobe University, and Bob Pease from Deakin University.

Judith Kegan Gardiner

Papers

Masculinity studies and feminist theory : new directions

On Female Identity and Writing by Women

Provoking agents : gender and agency in theory and practice

International encyclopedia of men and masculinities

Men, Masculinities, and Feminist Theory