Cognitive therapy of depression: pretreatment patient predictors of outcome.

We hypothesize that there is a general bias, based on both innate predispositions and experience, in animals and humans, to give greater weight to negative entities (e.g., events, objects, personal traits). This is manifested in 4 ways: (a) negative potency (negative entities are stronger than the equivalent positive entities), (b) steeper nega tive gradients (the negativity of negative events grows more rapidly with approach to them in space or time than does the positivity of positive events, (c) negativity domi nance (combinations of negative and positive entities yield evaluations that are more negative than the algebraic sum of individual subjective valences would predict), and (d) negative differentiation (negative entities are more varied, yield more complex conceptual representations, and engage a wider response repertoire). We review evi dence for this taxonomy, with emphasis on negativity dominance, including literary, historical, religious, and cultural sources, as well as the psychological literatures on learning, attention, impression formation, contagion, moral judgment, development, and memory. We then consider a variety of theoretical accounts for negativity bias. We suggest that 1 feature of negative events that make them dominant is that negative entities are more contagious than positive entities.

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Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion

https://www.get.gg/docs/Empirical-Status-of-CBT.pdf

The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses.

http://ny-dbt-rmphd.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/5/9/30590917/cbt-e_article_fairburn_1_.pdf

Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a "transdiagnostic" theory and treatment.

CONTEXT Depression and low perceived social support (LPSS) after myocardial infarction (MI) are associated with higher morbidity and mortality, but little is known about whether this excess risk can be reduced through treatment. OBJECTIVE To determine whether mortality and recurrent infarction are reduced by treatment of depression and LPSS with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), supplemented with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant when indicated, in patients enrolled within 28 days after MI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Randomized clinical trial conducted from October 1996 to April 2001 in 2481 MI patients (1084 women, 1397 men) enrolled from 8 clinical centers. Major or minor depression was diagnosed by modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria and severity by the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD); LPSS was determined by the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Social Support Instrument (ESSI). Random allocation was to usual medical care or CBT-based psychosocial intervention. INTERVENTION Cognitive behavior therapy was initiated at a median of 17 days after the index MI for a median of 11 individual sessions throughout 6 months, plus group therapy when feasible, with SSRIs for patients scoring higher than 24 on the HRSD or having a less than 50% reduction in Beck Depression Inventory scores after 5 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Composite primary end point of death or recurrent MI; secondary outcomes included change in HRSD (for depression) or ESSI scores (for LPSS) at 6 months. RESULTS Improvement in psychosocial outcomes at 6 months favored treatment: mean (SD) change in HRSD score, -10.1 (7.8) in the depression and psychosocial intervention group vs -8.4 (7.7) in the depression and usual care group (P<.001); mean (SD) change in ESSI score, 5.1 (5.9) in the LPSS and psychosocial intervention group vs 3.4 (6.0) in the LPSS and usual care group (P<.001). After an average follow-up of 29 months, there was no significant difference in event-free survival between usual care (75.9%) and psychosocial intervention (75.8%). There were also no differences in survival between the psychosocial intervention and usual care arms in any of the 3 psychosocial risk groups (depression, LPSS, and depression and LPSS patients). CONCLUSIONS The intervention did not increase event-free survival. The intervention improved depression and social isolation, although the relative improvement in the psychosocial intervention group compared with the usual care group was less than expected due to substantial improvement in usual care patients.

/pdf/effects-of-treating-depression-and-low-perceived-social-3t1iwmmdb6.pdf

Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial.

Foreword by Aaron T. Beck. Preface. Introduction. Cognitive Conceptualization. Structure of the First Therapy Session. Session Two and Beyond: Structure and Format. Problems With Structuring the Therapy Session. Identifying Automatic Thoughts. Identifying Emotions. Evaluating Automatic Thoughts. Responding to Automatic Thoughts. Identifying and Modifying Intermediate Beliefs. Core Beliefs. Additional Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques. Imagery. Homework. Termination and Relapse Prevention. Treatment Planning. Problems in Therapy. Progressing as a Cognitive Therapist. Appendix A: Case Summary Worksheet. Appendix B: A Basic Cognitive Therapy Reading List for Therapists. Appendix C: Cognitive Therapy Reading List for Patients (and Therapists). Appendix D: Cognitive Therapy Resources.

Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond

Foreword, Aaron T. Beck 1. Introduction to Cognitive Therapy 2. Overview of Treatment 3. Cognitive Conceptualization 4. The Evaluation Session 5. Structure of the First Therapy Session 6. Behavioral Activation 7. Session 2 and Beyond: Structure and Format 8. Problems with Structuring the Therapy Session 9. Identifying Automatic Thoughts 10. Identifying Emotions 11. Evaluating Automatic Thoughts 12. Responding to Automatic Thoughts 13. Identifying and Modifying Intermediate Beliefs 14. Identifying and Modifying Core Beliefs 15. Additional Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques 16. Imagery 17. Homework 18. Termination and Relapse Prevention 19. Treatment Planning 20. Problems in Therapy 21. Progressing as a Cognitive Therapist Appendices Appendix A. Cognitive Case Write-Up Appendix B. Cognitive Behavior Therapy Resources Appendix C. Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale

Cognitive behavior therapy : basics and beyond

The relevance of a clinical diagnosis of depression for explaining the discrepant relationships of hopelessness and depression with suicidal ideation was studied. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) were administered to 1,306 (72.8%) patients with at least one DSM-III-R mood disorder and 488 (27.3%) patients without any mood disorders. A multiple regression analysis was conducted, and hopelessness was 1.3 times more important than depression was for explaining suicidal ideation. The interactions of the BDI and BHS with diagnostic group were not significant.

Hopelessness, Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Clinical Diagnosis of Depression

Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond, 2nd ed.

The authors administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R to 260 patients with principal diagnoses of depressive disorders. Approximately two-thirds of these patients were given at least one additional concurrent axis I disorder. The most common comorbid diagnoses were anxiety disorders. The depressive disorders preceded the anxiety disorders in most patients. The authors not only point out the scientific and clinical implications of psychiatric comorbidity in view of the patterns of comorbidity found in this and previous studies but also discuss issues in comorbidity research.

Judith S. Beck

Papers

Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond

Cognitive behavior therapy : basics and beyond

Hopelessness, Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Clinical Diagnosis of Depression

Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond, 2nd ed.

Syndrome comorbidity in patients with major depression or dysthymia: prevalence and temporal relationships.