https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131&context=usdoepub

A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications,and needs on fundamental research

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one aspect, the display includes a stretchable substrate, a thin film transistor (TFT) formed over the stretchable substrate and including a plurality of electrodes, an OLED electrically connected to the TFT and including a plurality of electrodes, and a plurality of interconnection lines connected to the electrodes of the OLED and the TFT. At least one of the interconnection lines is configured to move in a stretching direction and rotate an electrode selected from the electrodes of the OLED and the TFT connected to the at least one interconnection line.

Organic light-emitting diode display

The past few decades have seen an escalation of power densities in electronic devices, and in particular in microprocessor chips. Together with the continuing trend of reduction in device dimensions this has led to dramatic increase in the thermal issues within electronic circuits. Thermal management is therefore becoming increasingly more critical and fundamental to ensuring that electronic devices operate within their specification. Although a thermal management system may make use of all modes of heat transfer to maintain temperatures within their appropriate limits and to ensure optimum performance and reliability, conductive heat transfer is typically used to spread the heat out from its point of generation and into the extended surface area of a heatsink. To minimise the contact resistance, thermal interface materials (TIMs) are introduced to the joint to fill the air gaps and are an essential part of an assembly when solid surfaces are attached together. This paper will first review the conventional interface materials and then goes on to present a comprehensive review of the emerging state-of-the-art research in the use of carbon nanotube based materials. The paper will also outline the advantages and disadvantages of each TIM category and the factors that need to be considered when selecting an interface material.

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Thermal Interface Materials - A Review of the State of the Art

An apparatus and method is characterized by providing an optical transfer function between a predetermined illuminated surface pattern, such as a street light pattern, and a predetermined energy distribution pattern of a light source, such as that from an LED. A lens is formed having a shape defined by the optical transfer function. The optical transfer function is derived by generating an energy distribution pattern using the predetermined energy distribution pattern of the light source. Then the projection of the energy distribution pattern onto the illuminated surface is generated. The projection is then compared to the predetermined illuminated surface pattern to determine if it acceptably matches. The process continues reiteratively until an acceptable match is achieved. Alternatively, the lens shape is numerically or analytically determined by a functional relationship between the shape and the predetermined illuminated surface pattern and predetermined energy distribution pattern of a light source as inputs.

LED Device for Wide Beam Generation

A display panel and a display device are provided. The display panel comprises a central region and peripheral regions. The peripheral regions are provided at two opposite ends of the display panel and have a first curvature; the central region is provided between the two opposite ends of the display panel and has a second curvature; and the second curvature of the central region is smaller than the first curvature of the peripheral regions.

Display panel and display device

The present invention relates to a system (10) for managing the heat from a heat source like an electronic component. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system (10) effective for dissipating the heat generated by an electronic component using a heat sink formed from a compressed, comminuted particles of resin-impregnated flexible graphite mat or sheet.

Graphite-based heat sink

Heat spreaders can be made from natural graphite sheet materials. These spreaders take advantage of the anisotropic thermal properties of natural graphite. Natural graphite exhibits a high thermal conductivity in the plane of the sheet combined with a much lower thermal conductivity through the thickness of the sheet. As a result, a natural graphite sheet can function as both a heat spreader and an insulator and can be used to eliminate localized hot spots in electronic components. In some cases, a natural graphite heat spreader can replace a conventional thermal management system consisting of a heat sink and cooling fan. This paper examines the properties of natural graphite heat spreaders and the application of these spreaders to thermal management problems in laptop computers. The thermal and mechanical properties of natural graphite heat spreaders are presented along with a discussion of how those properties are measured. The use of a natural graphite heat spreader to reduce the touch temperature in a laptop computer is presented. Both experimental techniques and numerical models are used to examine performance of the heat spreader in this application.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

Thermal Performance of Natural Graphite Heat Spreaders

A heat spreader (10) for a display device, such as a plasma display panel, a light emitting diode or a liquid crystal display, comprising at least one sheet of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite having a surface area greater than the surface area of that part of the back surface of the display device where a localized region of higher temperature is generated.

Heat spreader for display device

A thermal solution for equipment containing a heat-generating component, which is positioned between the heat-generating component and an external surface of the equipment, where the thermal solution facilitates heat dissipation from the heat-generating component while shielding the external surface from the heat generated by the heat-generating component.

Integral heat spreader

A thermal solution (10) for an electronic device, which is positioned between a heat source (100) and an external surface of the electronic device and/or another component of the electronic device, where the thermal solution (10) facilitates heat dissipation from the heat source (100) while shielding the external surface and/or second component from the heat generated by the heat source (100).

Julian Norley

Papers

Graphite-based heat sink

Thermal Performance of Natural Graphite Heat Spreaders

Heat spreader for display device

Integral heat spreader

Sandwiched thermal solution