Sampling and Data Treatment Methods Sampling Methods in Surface Waters, Munro Mortimer, Jochen F. Muller, and Matthias Liess Methods of Treatment of Data, Riccardo Leardi Radioanalytical Analysis Radioanalytical Methodology for Water Analysis, Jorge S. Alvarado Organoleptical Analysis Organoleptical Methodology, Abdul Moheman, Md. Musawwer Khan, and K. S. Siddiqi Analysis of Biological Parameters Bacteriological Analysis of Water, Paulinus Chigbu and Salina Parveen Marine Toxins Analysis, Luis M. Botana, A. Alfonso, M. R. Vieytes, N. Vilarino, A. M. Botana, C. Louzao, and C. Vale Algal Analysis, Leonardo Rubi Rorig Halogens, N-Compounds, and Phosphates Halogens, Geza Nagy and Livia Nagy Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Water, Leo M. L. Nollet Determination of Ammonia in Water Samples, Juliana Antunes Galvao, Alexandre Matthiensen, Marilia Oetterer, Y. Moliner-Martinez, R. A. Gonzalez-Fuenzalida, M. Munoz-Ortuno, R. Herraez-Hernandez, J. Verdu-Andres, C. Molins-Legua, and P. Campins Falco Nitrites and Nitrates, Adnan Aydin Phosphates in Aquatic Systems, Alexandre Matthiensen, Juliana Antunes Galvao, and Marilia Oetterer Cyanides, Asbestos, Metals, and Si-Compounds Cyanides, Leo M. L. Nollet Asbestos in Water, James S. Webber Heavy Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements, Jorge E. Marcovecchio, Sandra E. Botte, Claudia E. Domini, and Ruben H. Freije Determination of Silicon and Silicates, Salah M. Sultan Organic Parameters Main Parameters and Assays Involved with the Organic Pollution of Water, Lorena Vidal, Claudia E. Domini, and Antonio Canals Determination of Organic Nitrogen in the Aquatic Environment, Juliana Antunes Galvao, Alexandre Matthiensen, and Marilia Oetterer Determination of Urea in Aquatic Samples, Juliana Antunes Galvao, Alexandre Matthiensen, and Marilia Oetterer Organic Acids, Mercedes Gallego Fernandez, Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo, and Beatriz Jurado Sanchez Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water, Ivan P. Roman Falco and Marta Nogueroles Moya Phenolic and Humic Compounds Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water, Leo M. L. Nollet Characterization of Humic Matter, Leo M. L. Nollet Residues of Pesticides Determination of Pesticides in Water, Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo Analysis of Herbicide and Fungicide Residues in Waters, N. Sridhara Chary, Maria Jose Gomez Ramos, and Amadeo R. Fernandez-Alba Residues of PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFS, and PAHs Analysis of PCBs in Waters, L. Bartolome, O. Zuloaga, and N. Etxebarria PCDDs and PCDFs, Luigi Turrio-Baldassarri, Paola Pettine, and Laura Achene Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Chimezie Anyakora Surfactants and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analysis Surfactants, Eva Pocurull and Rosa Maria Marce Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analysis, Ivan P. Roman Falco EDCs and Residues of Plastics Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou Residues of Plastics, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou Index

Handbook of Water Analysis

Fresh vegetables have become associated with outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157). Between 1995–2006, 22 produce outbreaks were documented in the United States, with nearly half traced to lettuce or spinach grown in California. Outbreaks between 2002 and 2006 induced investigations of possible sources of pre-harvest contamination on implicated farms in the Salinas and San Juan valleys of California, and a survey of the Salinas watershed. EcO157 was isolated at least once from 15 of 22 different watershed sites over a 19 month period. The incidence of EcO157 increased significantly when heavy rain caused an increased flow rate in the rivers. Approximately 1000 EcO157 isolates obtained from cultures of>100 individual samples were typed using Multi-Locus Variable-number-tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) to assist in identifying potential fate and transport of EcO157 in this region. A subset of these environmental isolates were typed by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to make comparisons with human clinical isolates associated with outbreak and sporadic illness. Recurrence of identical and closely related EcO157 strains from specific locations in the Salinas and San Juan valleys suggests that transport of the pathogen is usually restricted. In a preliminary study, EcO157 was detected in water at multiple locations in a low-flow creek only within 135 meters of a point source. However, possible transport up to 32 km was detected during periods of higher water flow associated with flooding. During the 2006 baby spinach outbreak investigation, transport was also detected where water was unlikely to be involved. These results indicate that contamination of the environment is a dynamic process involving multiple sources and methods of transport. Intensive studies of the sources, incidence, fate and transport of EcO157 near produce production are required to determine the mechanisms of pre-harvest contamination and potential risks for human illness.

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Incidence and Tracking of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a Major Produce Production Region in California

Application of animal manures to soil as crop fertilizers is an important means for recycling the nitrogen and phosphorus which the manures contain. Animal manures also contain bacteria, including many types of pathogens. Manure pathogen levels depend on the source animal, the animal's state of health, and how the manure was stored or treated before use. Rainfall may result in pathogen spread into soil by runoff from stored or unincorporated manure or by leaching through the soil profile. Steady rainfall consisting of 16.5 mm h(-1) was applied to 100-mm disturbed soil cores that were treated with manure and inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain B6914. The level of B6914 in leachate was near the inoculum level each hour for 8 h, as was the level of B6914 at several soil depths after 24 h, indicating that there was a high rate of growth. Bacterial movement through three different types of soil was then compared by using disturbed (tilled) and intact (no-till) soil cores and less intense rainfall consisting of 25.4 mm on 4 consecutive days and then four more times over a 17-day period. Total B6914 levels exceeded the inoculum levels for all treatments except intact clay loam cores. B6914 levels in daily leachate samples decreased sharply with time, although the levels were more constant when intact sandy loam cores were used. The presence of manure often increased total B6914 leachate and soil levels in intact cores but had the opposite effect on disturbed soil cores. Ammonia and nitrate levels correlated with B6914 and total coliform levels in leachate. We concluded that tillage practice, soil type, and method of pathogen delivery affect but do not prevent vertical E. coli O157:H7 and coliform transport in soil and that soluble nitrogen may enhance transport.

Julie Snelling

Papers

The impact of sediment fecal coliform reservoirs on seasonal water quality in oak creek, arizona