Elyes Ben Hamida *, Hassan Noura and Wassim ZnaidiQatar Mobility Innovations Center (QMIC), Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP), Doha,P.O. Box 210531, Qatar; E-Mails: hnouran@gmail.com (H.N.); wassimz@qmic.com (W.Z.)* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: elyesb@qmic.com;Tel.: +974-4459-5082.Academic Editor: Felipe JimenezReceived: 31 May 2015 / Accepted: 24 June 2015 / Published: 6 July 2015Abstract: Due to the growing number of vehicles on the roads worldwide, road trafﬁcaccidents are currently recognized as a major public safety problem. In this context,connected vehicles are considered as the key enabling technology to improve road safetyand to foster the emergence of next generation cooperative intelligent transport systems(ITS). Through the use of wireless communication technologies, the deployment of ITSwill enable vehicles to autonomously communicate with other nearby vehicles and roadsideinfrastructures and will open the door for a wide range of novel road safety and driverassistive applications. However, connecting wireless-enabled vehicles to external entitiescan make ITS applications vulnerable to various security threats, thus impacting the safetyof drivers. This article reviews the current research challenges and opportunities relatedto the development of secure and safe ITS applications. It ﬁrst explores the architectureand main characteristics of ITS systems and surveys the key enabling standards and projects.Then, various ITS security threats are analyzed and classiﬁed, along with their correspondingcryptographic countermeasures. Finally, a detailed ITS safety application case study isanalyzed and evaluated in light of the European ETSI TC ITS standard. An experimentaltest-bed is presented, and several elliptic curve digital signature algorithms (ECDSA) arebenchmarked for signing and verifying ITS safety messages. To conclude, lessons learned,open research challenges and opportunities are discussed.

Security of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems: Standards, Threats Analysis and

Vehicular cloud computing (VCC) is an improvement from conventional cloud computing to new revolutionized computing services including intelligent transportation, autonomous driving and vehicle control, Internet browsing, online documentation, and infotainment. It enables vehicles to autonomously share heterogeneous computational resources while solving unanticipated critical problems dynamically. However, in a world of black hats, technology often has a dark side as well. Therefore, the VCC is limited by considerable security and privacy challenges. The special characteristics of VCC, including the multitenancy nature of clouds, intermittent wireless communications, high mobility of vehicles, and rapid resource elasticity with decentralized operations, have promoted security solutions used in vehicular ad hoc networks and conventional cloud computing to be revised. This paper first presents a state-of-the-art study of VCC that focuses on VCC architecture, its features analysis, and extensive VCC applications. Second, the proposed threats identification taxonomy and an exhaustive survey on security and privacy issues in VCC are presented under a layered approach: physical resource layer, vehicle-to-anything (V2X) network layer, and vehicular cloud layer, as well as at a complete system level. Finally, we highlight and discuss challenges and open research issues that can be considered as future research directions.

Security and Privacy Challenges in Connected Vehicular Cloud Computing

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions to connect billions of sensors to the Internet, in order to provide new applications and services for smart cities. IoT will allow the evolution of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) from existing Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), in which the delivery of various services will be offered to drivers by integrating vehicles, sensors, and mobile devices into a global network. To serve VANET with computational resources, Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) is recently envisioned with the objective of providing traffic solutions to improve our daily driving. These solutions involve applications and services for the benefit of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which represent an important part of IoV. Data collection is an important aspect in ITS, which can effectively serve online travel systems with the aid of Vehicular Cloud (VC). In this paper, we involve the new paradigm of VCC to propose a data collection model for the benefit of ITS. We show via simulation results that the participation of low percentage of vehicles in a dynamic VC is sufficient to provide meaningful data collection.

Vehicular Cloud data collection for Intelligent Transportation Systems

Vehicular networks reflect user mobility behavior and present complex microscopic and macroscopic mobility patterns. Microscopic mobility is often simplified in macroscopic systems and we argue that its impact is too largely neglected. Notwithstanding improvements in realistically modeling and predicting mobility, few vehicular traces - especially complex microscopic ones - are available to validate such models. In this paper, we present a realistic synthetic dataset of vehicular mobility over two daily traffic peaks in a small area: the Europarc roundabout in the town of Creteil, France. We outline how the description and comprehensive representation of local mobility at an intersection, such as the roundabout chosen here, is important for any interpretation made of it.

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On the importance of real data for microscopic urban vehicular mobility trace

In the evolution of wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks, mobile ad-hoc networks, and delay/disruption tolerant networks, the Store-Carry-Forward (SCF) message relaying paradigm has been commonly featured and studied with much attention. SCF networking is essential for offsetting the deficiencies of intermittent and range limited communication environments because it allows moving wireless communication nodes to act as “mobile relay nodes”. Such relay nodes can store/carry/process messages, wait for a better opportunity for transmission, and finally forward the messages to other nodes. This paper starts with a short overview of SCF routing and then examines two SCF networking scenarios. The first one deals with large content delivery across multiple islands using existing infrastructural transportation networks (e.g., cars and ferries) in which mobility is uncontrollable from an SCF viewpoint. Simulations show how a simple coding technique can improve flooding-based SCF. The other scenario looks at a prototype system of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for high-quality video surveillance from the sky in which mobility is partially controllable from an SCF viewpoint. Three requisite techniques in this scenario are highlighted – fast link setup, millimeter wave communications, and use of multiple links. Through these examples, we discuss the benefits and issues of the practical use of SCF networking-based systems. key words: store-carry-forward, vehicular ad-hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, UAV, delay tolerant networks

Towards Practical Store-Carry-Forward Networking: Examples and Issues

Current challenges of car manufacturers are to make roads safe, to achieve free flowing traffic with few congestions, and to reduce pollution by an effective fuel use. To reach these goals, many improvements are performed in-car, but more and more approaches rely on connected cars with communication capabilities between cars, with an infrastructure, or with IoT devices. Monitoring and coordinating vehicles allow then to compute intelligent ways of transportation. Connected cars have introduced a new way of thinking cars - not only as a mean for a driver to go from A to B, but as smart cars - a user extension like the smartphone today. In this report, we introduce concepts and specific vocabulary in order to classify current innovations or ideas on the emerging topic of smart car. We present a graphical categorization showing this evolution in function of the societal evolution. Different perspectives are adopted: a vehicle-centric view, a vehicle-network view, and a user-centric view; described by simple and complex use-cases and illustrated by a list of emerging and current projects from the academic and industrial worlds. We identified an empty space in innovation between the user and his car: paradoxically even if they are both in interaction, they are separated through different application uses. Future challenge is to interlace social concerns of the user within an intelligent and efficient driving.

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01024271/document

Julien Dillschneider

Papers

VANET Applications: Hot Use Cases