The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is the most important crustacean species in aquaculture, accounting for 70% of the total shrimp production in the world. In the past decade, development of the shrimp industry has been greatly impeded by disease prevalence, poor growth in low salinity inland water, dietary use of plant ingredients, and antibiotic overuse. The animal gut is a vital organ, and most of the gut functions, such as the functions of immunity, health regulation and nutrient absorption, are achieved by bacterial metabolism in the gut. Therefore, understanding the role of the gut microbiota of L. vannamei is important for improving the performance and production of L. vannamei in aquaculture. This paper summarizes the recent advancements in research on the composition of the gut microbiota of L. vannamei, the factors that influence the microbiota, and nutritional manipulation of the gut microbiota. In addition, based on the review, current problems are raised and future studies ...

Gut Microbiota and its Modulation for Healthy Farming of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

With the continuous growth of the human population and associated need for high‐quality protein, the aquaculture sector will be required to increase significantly in productivity. This growth in productivity will be achieved through more efficient use of resources like feeds, genetic improvement and limiting the impacts of disease. One of the key links between animal productivity and disease is that of microbial diversity, with high‐throughput sequencing technologies increasing our understanding of the role microorganisms play in health, development and physiology of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts alike. Increasing our understanding of microbial–host interactions will help avoid or manage dysbiosis in aquaculture systems with the final aim of improving productivity. We review the current literature, which indicates that there is an association between productivity and microbial diversity in aquaculture systems, as changes in bacterial microbiomes are implicated in animal performance, in disease development associated with both bacterial and viral origin, and in dysbiosis triggered by environmental stressors or diet choice. Dysbiosis, whether in the form of the loss of beneficial bacteria, or the expansion of pathogens or potentially harmful microorganisms, can be used as an indicator tool for productivity monitoring purposes. Development of management strategies towards preserving the microbial balance, including maintaining or increasing diversity in the host, is critical for the health of cultured aquatic animals and will likely be critical for the expansion of aquaculture.

Microbiome diversity and dysbiosis in aquaculture

The microbiome of the host and its surroundings play a vital role in its health and well-being Unlike the terrestrial organisms that maternally acquire its microbiome, the aquatic species mainly get colonized by the microorganisms in its aquatic surrounding and are exposed to a wide variety of microbial community based on the type of aquatic environment the host inhabits This review is focused on the aquaculture and shrimp microbiome and factors that influence its microbiome such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, diet, stress conditions, frequency and type of antibiotics used, host physiological conditions and developmental stages This review also casts light on the role of the microbiome in enhancing the shrimp health, immune response, microbial colonization, and the effects of the biofloc system on shrimp and aquaculture microbiome Moreover, beneficial microbes can be a safer alternative to harmful antibiotics used in aquaculture, which can thereby prevent the emergence of superbugs and also enhance the production rate A proper understanding of the interactions between the host and its microbiome can help us to modulate and manipulate the aquaculture microbiome to enhance the health of aquatic organisms, which ensures the growth of the aquaculture industry Therefore, the treatment strategies should be targeted towards the modulation of shrimp and aquaculture microbiome, which acts as beneficial partners to overcome the challenges confronted by the aquaculture sector

Healthy microbiome: a key to successful and sustainable shrimp aquaculture

The shrimp has become the most valuable traded marine product in the world, and its microbiota plays an essential role in its development and overall health status. Massive high-throughput sequencing techniques using several hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene are broadly applied in shrimp microbiota studies. However, it is essential to consider that the use of different hypervariable regions can influence the obtained data and the interpretation of the results. The present study compares the shrimp microbiota structure and composition obtained by three types of amplicons: one spanning both the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions (V3V4), one for the V3 region only (V3), and one for the V4 region only (V4) using the same experimental and bioinformatics protocols. Twenty-four samples from hepatopancreas and intestine were sequenced and evaluated using the GreenGenes and silva reference databases for clustering and taxonomic classification. In general, the V3V4 regions resulted in higher richness and diversity, followed by V3 and V4. All three regions establish an apparent clustering effect that discriminates between the two analyzed organs and describe a higher richness for the intestine and a higher diversity for the hepatopancreas samples. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phyla overall, and Cyanobacteria was more common in the intestine, whereas Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were more prevalent in hepatopancreas samples. Also, the genus Vibrio was significantly abundant in the intestine, as well as Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas in the hepatopancreas suggesting these taxa as markers for their respective organs independently of the sequenced region. The use of a single hypervariable region such as V3 may be a low-cost alternative that enables an adequate description of the shrimp microbiota, allowing for the development of strategies to continually monitor the microbial communities and detect changes that could indicate susceptibility to pathogens under real aquaculture conditions while the use of the full V3V4 regions can contribute to a more in-depth characterization of the microbial composition.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/1/134/pdf

Doing More with Less: A Comparison of 16S Hypervariable Regions in Search of Defining the Shrimp Microbiota.

Use of elemental profiling and isotopic signatures to differentiate Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from freshwater and seawater culture areas

Effects of various levels of dietary copper supplementation with copper sulfate and copper hydroxychloride on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei performance and microbial communities

Jun Liu

Papers

Effects of various levels of dietary copper supplementation with copper sulfate and copper hydroxychloride on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei performance and microbial communities