The present paper reviews the most recent advances regarding the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on soil microbial communities. Based on the results from the articles considered, some details are presented on how the use of various types of fertilizers affects the composition and activity of soil microbial communities. Soil microbes have different responses to fertilization based on differences in the total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in the soil, along with soil moisture and the presence of plant species. These articles show that the use of chemical fertilizers changes the abundance of microbial populations and stimulates their growth thanks to the nutrient supply added. Overall, however, the data revealed that chemical fertilizers have no significant influence on the richness and diversity of the bacteria and fungi. Instead, the abundance of individual bacterial or fungal species was sensitive to fertilization and was mainly attributed to the changes in the soil chemical properties induced by chemical or organic fertilization. Among the negative effects of chemical fertilization, the decrease in enzymatic activity has been highlighted by several papers, especially in soils that have received the largest amounts of fertilizers together with losses in organic matter.

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Fertilization and Soil Microbial Community: A Review

Improved tomato yield and quality by altering soil physicochemical properties and nitrification processes in the combined use of organic-inorganic fertilizers

Wood vinegar facilitated growth and Cd/Zn phytoextraction of Sedum alfredii Hance by improving rhizosphere chemical properties and regulating bacterial community.

In arable soils co-influenced by mining and farming, soil bacteria significantly affect metal (Cadmium, Cd) bioavailability and accumulation. To reveal the soil microecology response under this co-influence, three intersection areas (cornfield, vegetable field, and paddy field) were investigated. With a similar nutrient condition, the soils showed varied Cd levels (0.31-7.70 mg/kg), which was negatively related to the distance from mining water flow. Different soils showed varied microbial community structures, which were dominated by Chloroflexi (19.64-24.82%), Actinobacteria (15.49-31.96%), Acidobacteriota (9.46-20.31%), and Proteobacteria (11.88-14.57%) phyla. A strong correlation was observed between functional microbial taxon (e. g. Acidobacteriota), soil physicochemical properties, and Cd contents. The relative abundance of tolerant bacteria including Vicinamibacteraceae, Knoellia, Ardenticatenales, Lysobacter, etc. elevated with the increase of Cd, which contributed to the enrichment of heavy metal resistance genes (HRGs) and integration genes (intlI), thus enhancing the resistance to heavy metal pollution. Cd content rather than crop species was identified as the dominant factor that influenced the bacterial community. Nevertheless, the peculiar agrotype of the paddy field contributed to its higher HRGs and intlI abundance. These results provided fundamental information about the crop-specific physiochemical-bacterial interaction, which was helpful to evaluate agricultural environmental risk around the intersection of farmland and pollution sources. 

Responsive change of crop-specific soil bacterial community to cadmium in farmlands surrounding mine area of Southeast China.

Short-term responses of soil nutrients, heavy metals and microbial community to partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with spent mushroom substrates (SMS).

Rhizosphere soil properties, microbial community, and enzyme activities: Short-term responses to partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure.

Agronomic selenium (Se) biofortification of grain crops is considered the best method for increasing human Se intake, which may help people alleviate Se-deficiency. To investigate the efficiency of agronomic Se biofortification of oat, four Se fertilizer application treatments were tested: topsoil (T), foliar (S), the combination of T and S (TS), and control without Se application (CK). Compared with CK, TS significantly increased the 1000-grain weight, grain yield, Se contents in all parts of oats, contents of soil available N, K, and organic matter by 18%, 8.70%, 19.7-60.2%, 6.00%, 8.02%, and 17.95%, respectively. Leaves, roots, and ears had the highest conversion rate of exogenous Se in S (644.63%), T (416.00%), and TS (273.20%), respectively. TS also increased the activities of soil urease, alkaline phosphatase, and sucrose and the diversity of soil bacterial communities. TS and T increased the relative abundance of bacteria involved in the decomposition of organic matter, such as Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes positively correlated with soil nutrients and enzyme activities, and reduced Proteobacteria and Firmicutes negatively correlated with them, Granulicella, Bacillus, Raoultella, Lactococcus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. Furthermore, TS significantly increased the relative abundance of Planctomycetes, Chlorobi, Nitrospinae, Nitrospirae, Aciditeromonas, Gemmatimonas, Geobacter, and Thiobacter. T significantly increased the abundance of Lysobacter, Holophaga, Candidatus-Koribacter, Povalibacter, and Pyrinomonas. S did not significantly change the bacterial communities. Thus, a combined foliar and soil Se fertilizer proved conducive for achieving higher yield, grain Se content, and improving Se transport, the diversity of rhizosphere bacterial community, and bacterial functions in oats.

Combined foliar and soil selenium fertilizer improves selenium transport and the diversity of rhizosphere bacterial community in oats

Junhui Li Shanxi Agricultural University College of Agriculture Wenping Yang College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology Anna Guo Shanxi Agricultural University College of Agriculture Sheng Yang Shanxi Agricultural University College of Agriculture Jie Chen Shanxi Agricultural University College of Agriculture Yuejing Qiao Shanxi Agricultural University College of Agriculture Sumera Anwar Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore Kai Wang Shanxi Agricultural University College of Agriculture Zhenping Yang (  yangzhenping340@163.com ) Shanxi Agricultural University Zhiqiang Gao Shanxi Agricultural University College of Agriculture Jianwu Wang Shanxi Institute of Geological Survey

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Junhui Li

Papers

Rhizosphere soil properties, microbial community, and enzyme activities: Short-term responses to partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure.

Combined foliar and soil selenium fertilizer improves selenium transport and the diversity of rhizosphere bacterial community in oats

Combined Foliar and Soil Selenium Fertilizer Improves Selenium Transport in Oats and the Diversity of the Bacterial Community in Rhizosphere Soil