Mites of Greenhouses, Identification, Biology and Control

Aphids: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control Edited by A. K. Minks and P. Harrewijin. pp. 312. In World Crop Pests, vol. 2C. Series Editor-in-Chief W. Helle. xvi + 312 pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989. Hard cover ISBN 0-444-42799-6

日本原色虫えい図鑑 = Insect and mite galls of Japan in colors

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Relationships Of Natural Enemies And Non Prey Foods

The soybean pod gall midge is an important pest of soybean in Japan and is known to occur also in Indonesia and China. This gall midge is described from Japan as Asphondylia yushimai sp. n. and is clearly distinguished from its congeners by the arrangement of the lower frontal horns of the pupa and the sequence of the mtDNA COI region. It is concluded that Prunus zippeliana Miquel is a winter host of the soybean pod gall midge since haplotypes of the soybean pod gall midge coincide with those of the Prunus fruit gall midge that produces fruit galls on P. zippeliana. In addition, phenological and distributional information on the two gall midges and on their host plants supports the identification of the winter host. In Japan, the soybean pod gall midge overwinters as a first instar in the fruit galls on P. zippeliana and emerges as an adult from the galls in May. In summer and autumn, the soybean pod gall midge has two or more generations in the pods of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill or wild fabaceous and caesalpiniaceous plants. Thus host alternation by A. yushimai is confirmed. This is the second finding of host alternation by a species of Asphondylia, the first instance being that of Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal) in Cyprus.

Description of the soybean pod gall midge, Asphondylia yushimai sp. n. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a major pest of soybean and findings of host alternation.

Intraspecific Variations of Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Sequence in an Aphidophagous Species, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)

Brine shrimp cysts are potentially useful as a supplemental food to sustain populations of flightless Harmonia axyridis Pallas in greenhouses. We studied the effect of Artemia salina L., alone and combined with sucrose, on the survival and development of juvenile flightless H. axyridis under laboratory conditions. The proportion of wing malformations, the body size of females, and the hatching rate were improved by the addition of sucrose to diets containing Artemia cysts alone. We conducted release experiments in greenhouses containing eggplants to evaluate the effects of the supplemental food, consisting of a mixture of A. salina and sucrose. Compared with non-supplemented eggplants, more larvae, pupae, and adults of flightless H. axyridis were observed and the incidence of aphids tended to be suppressed in the plots with supplemental food. These results show that the food supplementation effectively improves the development and survival of juvenile flightless H. axyridis during periods of low prey density.

Effect of supplementary food containing Artemia salina on the development and survival of flightless Harmonia axyridis in greenhouses

The limited availability of sugar sources (e.g., flowers) in greenhouses may affect biological pest control by parasitoid wasps. However, few studies have focused on feeding devices to provide parasitoids with sugar foods. We investigated the accessibility of a yellow-colored bottle-type feeding device to adult Cotesia
 vestalis (Halliday), a larval endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella
 xylostella (L.). All parasitoids died within four days in a room with no sugar source, whereas 66.7 % of individuals survived if a bottle-type feeding device providing honey solution was installed. We also investigated female longevity in response to different sugar solutions presented in a bottle-type feeding device. Honey and sugar mixtures (glucose and fructose) improved female longevity (38.4 and 39.2 days, respectively) much more than water (3.1 days), indicating these feeding devices containing sugar foods to be potentially useful for maintaining C. vestalis in greenhouses where natural food sources are limited.

A food-supply device for maintaining Cotesia vestalis , a larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella , in greenhouses

特に盛暑期での利用を想定したショクガタマバエ等のアブラムシ捕食性天敵を用いたバンカー法の代替餌としての有用性を評価するため，ソルガムあるいはオオムギを餌として飼育した4種のアブラムシ，トウモロコシアブラムシ，ヒエノアブラムシ，ムギクビレアブラムシ，ムギミドリアブラムシの内的自然増加率を比較した．15℃，20℃，25℃，30℃の4種恒温条件下において2種の寄主植物の葉片上で飼育した各アブラムシの生存曲線，全生存期間，生涯産仔数を調査し，これらをもとに内的自然増加率を算出した．ソルガムの葉片で飼育した場合，すべての温度条件下で4種のうちヒエノアブラムシの内的自然増加率が最も高かった．オオムギの葉片で飼育した場合，20℃，25℃，30℃の条件下でムギミドリアブラムシの内的自然増加率が最も高かった．以上のデータから，バンカー植物としてソルガム，代替餌としてヒエノアブラムシの組み合わせが盛暑期に利用するバンカー法に適していると考えられた．得られた結果に基づき，施設栽培でのこれらのバンカー植物，代替餌の有効性を考察した．

Comparative Studies on Development and Reproduction of Four Cereal Aphid Species Reared on Sorghum or Barley to Evaluate as Alternative Prey for Banker Plant System

The distribution records of Feltiellaacarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Japan were previously based only on the collecting data of Feltiella sp. from Kagoshima in 1971. We identified acarivorous gall midges collected from various localities in Japan as F.acarisuga and found that it is widely distributed in Japan from Hokkaido to Okinawa. A supplementary description to that made by Gagne in 1995 is provided, together with illustrations of the male fifth flagellomere, male genitalia, pupa, and pupal frons. We also provide information on mites on which it preys and ecological traits of F. acarisuga and devote a brief discussion to its use as a biological control agent. We newly confirm that F. acarisuga fed on Acaphylla theavagrans Kadono (Acarina: Eriophyoidea) in addition to tetranychid mites that were recorded earlier. For the convenience of applied entomologists, differences between larvae of F.acarisuga and those of other free-living cecidomyiids that may sometimes be present on the same leaf are briefly explained.

Junichiro Abe

Papers

Intraspecific Variations of Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Sequence in an Aphidophagous Species, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)

Effect of supplementary food containing Artemia salina on the development and survival of flightless Harmonia axyridis in greenhouses

A food-supply device for maintaining Cotesia vestalis , a larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella , in greenhouses

Comparative Studies on Development and Reproduction of Four Cereal Aphid Species Reared on Sorghum or Barley to Evaluate as Alternative Prey for Banker Plant System

Morphological features, distribution, prey mites, and life history traits of Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Japan