Interpretation of X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns . By H. Lipson and H. Steeple. Pp. viii + 335 + 3 plates. (Mac-millan: London; St Martins Press: New York, May 1970.) £4.

X-Ray Diffraction

Some divalent metal(II) complexes of salicylaldehyde‐derived Schiff bases: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, antimicrobial and in vitro anticancer studies

Synthesis, physicochemical elucidation, biological screening and molecular docking studies of a Schiff base and its metal(II) complexes

Nitrogen containing heterocycles are widely used and investigated by pharmaceutical industry, as they are important in discovery and designing of new drug molecules. Drugs with a benzimidazole nucleus possess exclusive structural features and electron-rich atmosphere, which enable them to bind to a number of biologically important targets and result in a wide range of activities. This has served as the basis of the present study whereby new scaffolds with benzimidazole moiety were designed and synthesized. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by physicochemical and spectral means. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities by tube dilution and Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays, respectively. The in vitro biological screening results revealed that compound Z24 exhibited promising antimicrobial and anticancer activities which are comparable to standards.

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Design, synthesis and biological profile of heterocyclic benzimidazole analogues as prospective antimicrobial and antiproliferative agents

Stevia, a natural sweetener, comprises of 200 species of herbs and shrubs from the family Asteraceae (Composite). The most common species of this genus and family with sweetening potential are Stevia dianthoidea, S. phlebophylla, S. anisostemma, S. bertholdii, S. crenata, S. enigmatica, S. eupatoria, S. lemmonii, S. micrantha, S. plummerae, S. rebaudiana, S. salicifolia, S. serrata and S. viscida but among these only S. rebaudiana exhibits the highest level of sweetness. It is cultivated in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Korea, Brazil, Malaysia, Canada, Hawaii and California. Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Kerala and Haryana are the main Stevia growing states in India. Stevia contains ent-kaurene, a diterpene glycoside commonly known as stevioside which is 150–300 times than more sweeter sugar. In addition to its interesting sweetening property, Stevia plant shows many pharmacological properties. Its leaves also contains good amount of protein, amino acid, lipids, vitamins and minerals. Phytochemical screening showed that tannins are also present in higher concentrations followed by alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, sterols, and triterpenes, anthraquinones, and other reducing compounds. Stevia glycosides possess many pharmaceutical properties viz; anti-hyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, anticancer effect, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effect etc. Stevia has potential qualities of a sweetener and also constituting a source of many substances with a nutritional effect on the human beings. Among different chemical constituents, stevioside has a potential mode of actions in controlling type 2 diabetes. Stevia-enriched food products bring several benefits to human society. Commercial marketing of products stevia in different form such as leaf powder, liquid and fresh leaves has become a potential adventure for many biotechnological companies because of its large demand.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Importance of Stevia: A Calorie-Free Natural Sweetener

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and antimicrobial activity evaluation of new tridentate Schiff bases and their Co(II) complexes

Two new clinically active Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes were synthesized and studied by different spectroscopic and physicochemical methods like NMR, IR, UV-visible, ESR, TGA, XRD, mass, elemental analysis, molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurement. Synthesized complexes and Schiff bases were assessed for In vitro antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ATCC–27294) and for antimicrobial activity against drug resistant (ESBL) Extended Spectrum β-lactamase and (MBL) Metallo β-lactamase producing microbial strains. The biological activity of Schiff base was found to improve in presence of transition metal ions. Among the studied metal complexes, copper complexes displayed superior biological activity against all of the microbial strains.

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Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Antitubercular and Antimicrobial Activities of new Aminothiophene Schiff Bases and Their Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Metal Complexes

Worldwide, about 150 million people are diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTI) annually. Treatment of these common infectious diseases has become difficult due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains like ESBL (extended spectrum βlactamase) producers. Pathogenic organisms are unlikely to develop resistance against herbs that are blend of active compounds. The plant used in present study was Stevia rebaudiana which is traditionally used as a source of natural sweetener. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract and four solvent extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and ethanol) of Stevia rebaudiana leaves were investigated against 49 ESBL producing uropathogens. The methanol extract showed zone of inhibition in the range of 18-24mm as compared to aqueous extract which showed negligible zone of inhibition against the uropathogens. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was found to be in range of 10 mg/ml 20mg/ml. Methanolic extract of Stevia rebaudiana also showed synergistic activity along with ampicillin, thereby reducing the MBC of ampicillin from 10mg/ml to 200-300μg/ml. The antioxidant activity of Stevia rebaudiana was checked by DPPH method. The IC50 values of methanolic extract of Stevia rebaudiana and standard ascorbic acid were found to be 32.765 μg/ml and 6.474μg/ml respectively. The phytochemicals present in Stevia rebaudiana were analysed by HR-LCMS and confirmed the presence of eight major components including terpenes, flavanoids and Quinones that might be responsible for its antibacterial activity.

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Antimicrobial activity of Stevia rebaudiana against antibiotic resistant ESBL producing uropathogens and evaluation of its antioxidant activity

Objective: The worldwide problem of emerging antibiotic resistance has created a need to explore alternative approaches of treatment. One such approach is based on evaluating herbal compounds for their activity against pathogens causing infections. Methods: In the current study, the effect of ethanolic extracts of ajwain was studied on 7 Metallo β-lactamase and 50 Extended Spectrum βlactamase producing uropathogens which were identified and characterized previously in our laboratory. The bioactive components from ajwain were extracted at 60°C for 6-8h with the help of soxhlet apparatus using ethanol as solvent. This extract was concentrated at 40°C on water bath to obtain a semisolid mass which was used to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results: Bioassay of ethanolic extracts from ajwain showed 14mm-21mm zones of inhibition for ESBL and MBL producers. Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) of ajwain extracts were found to be in the range of 0.5-10mg/ml. Ajwain extracts also showed synergistic activity with ampicillin by lowering the MBC of ampicillin from 10mg/ml to 200-400µg/ml. Time kill analysis of ajwain extracts showed complete loss of viability of test cultures after 2h incubation at 37⁰C at MBC concentrations and significant decrease in viability after 4h incubation at 37⁰ Conclusion: These results collectively indicate the possible use of ajwain extracts in combination therapy to treat infectious diseases caused by multiple drug resistant pathogens. C at ½MBC concentrations. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic analysis of the ajwain extracts showed the presence of iso-thymol (carvacrol) as its major constituent. Other components like cymene, terpinene, terpineol, emersol, ethyl ester etc were also detected.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC AJWAIN (TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI) EXTRACT ON ESBL AND MBL PRODUCING UROPATHOGENS Original Article

Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with a tridendate Schiff base prepared by condensation of ethyl 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3-carboxylate with (3Z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one were synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility values, UV-Vis, IR,EPR and NMR spectral data wherever possible. Spectral studies show that the ligand behaves as tridentate chelating agent and bonded to the metal ion through azomethine nitrogen, ester carbonyl and enolic oxygen atom. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurement reveal octahedral geometry for Ni (II) and Co (II) complexes, tetrahedral configuration for Mn (II) and Zn (II) complexes, and square planar dimer structure for Cu (II) complex. The complexes are found to be non-electrolytic in nature on the basis of low molar conductance. These metal complexes were also screened for its antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains causing urinary tract infections and were found to be effective.

Synthesis, spectroscopic and biological characterization of some transition metal complexes with ethyl 2-{((2e, 3 z)-4-hydroxypent-3- en-2-ylidene) amino}-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3 carboxylate

K. Aruna

Papers

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and antimicrobial activity evaluation of new tridentate Schiff bases and their Co(II) complexes

Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Antitubercular and Antimicrobial Activities of new Aminothiophene Schiff Bases and Their Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) Metal Complexes

Antimicrobial activity of Stevia rebaudiana against antibiotic resistant ESBL producing uropathogens and evaluation of its antioxidant activity

ANTIBACTERIAL AND SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC AJWAIN (TRACHYSPERMUM AMMI) EXTRACT ON ESBL AND MBL PRODUCING UROPATHOGENS Original Article

Synthesis, spectroscopic and biological characterization of some transition metal complexes with ethyl 2-{((2e, 3 z)-4-hydroxypent-3- en-2-ylidene) amino}-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3 carboxylate