In this study, we have designed and simulated a photonic crystal (PhC) nonlinear AND logic gate. First, a suitable photonic crystal ring resonator (PhCRR) structure is designed and simulated that can be used for obtaining the switching power intensity after applying the nonlinear Kerr effect. In this structure, GaAs dielectric rods have been used in the air. The plane wave expansion (PWE) method is used to obtain the guided modes in the proposed structure and the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D-FDTD) method is also employed to simulate the structure. According to the results obtained from the numerical calculations, the minimum switching power intensity for the structure is equal to 800 W/μm2. Using the designed PhCRR and the obtained switching power intensity, an optimal compact photonic crystal AND logic gate based on the Kerr effect is designed and simulated which exhibits a good performance. The minimum contrast ratio, the response time, and the total area of the structure are 11.04 dB, 1.8 ps, and 194.56 μm2, respectively.

A novel design of all-optical high speed and ultra-compact photonic crystal AND logic gate based on the Kerr effect

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11082-021-03374-0.pdf

Design and analysis of a photonic crystal-based all-optical 3-input OR gate for high-speed optical processing

In this article, photonic crystal (PhC) based all-optical logic gates, namely AND, OR and EX-OR have been explored and their characteristics are reported. Two-dimensional (2D) PhC based logic gates are proposed using a hexagonal lattice with T-shaped structure by incorporating line defects. The total size of the device is 84 µm2 and it operates at a wavelength of 1550 nm (C band). The designed optical logic gates are investigated using 2D finite difference time domain simulators by means of the plane wave expansion method. Parameters, such as response time and contrast ratio of the designed all-optic logic gates, are analyzed. The proposed AND, OR and EX-OR logic gates offer a contrast ratio of 14.48 dB, 14.57 dB and 12.9 dB respectively with, in order, response times of 0.159 ps, 0.168 ps and 0.1672 ps. The designed logic gates work in the third optical window as they are operating at the 1550 nm wavelength. To specify the performance of the proposed logic gates, their field distribution has been determined and is exhibited. The designed logic gates are suitable for use in photonic integrated circuits, all optical computing and optical sensing applications.

2D- PhC based all optical AND, OR and EX-OR logic gates with high contrast ratio operating at C band

All-optical logic gates (AO-LGs) are the key elements that play a pivotal role in the development of future all-optical networks and all-optical computing. A complete overview of the seven all-optical logic gates (i.e., AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND, and NOR) based on their design techniques and applications are covered, including the latest technologies, such as topological photonics and artificial intelligence-based designs techniques. In addition, we have further categorized the AO-LGs as reconfigurable gates, simultaneous gates, reversible gates, modulation-based gates, and data rate-based gates. The techniques to implement these different classes of gates are reviewed and their limitations are discussed. We also discuss in brief the various simulation tools used to design and analyze the AO-LGs. Finally, the most feasible techniques for constructing optical integrated circuits based on the existing fabrication technologies and available resources are explored, and future prospects are outlined. 

/pdf/review-on-all-optical-logic-gates-design-techniques-and-1v4w1u72.pdf

Review on all-optical logic gates: design techniques and classifications – heading toward high-speed optical integrated circuits

Abstract. All-optical logic gates (AO-LGs) are the key elements that play a pivotal role in the development of future all-optical networks and all-optical computing. A complete overview of the seven all-optical logic gates (i.e., AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND, and NOR) based on their design techniques and applications are covered, including the latest technologies, such as topological photonics and artificial intelligence-based designs techniques. In addition, we have further categorized the AO-LGs as reconfigurable gates, simultaneous gates, reversible gates, modulation-based gates, and data rate-based gates. The techniques to implement these different classes of gates are reviewed and their limitations are discussed. We also discuss in brief the various simulation tools used to design and analyze the AO-LGs. Finally, the most feasible techniques for constructing optical integrated circuits based on the existing fabrication technologies and available resources are explored, and future prospects are outlined.

Realization of logical gates in the optical domain is a crucial part of current research to take the advantages of light speed in future demands, an example optical computer motherboard. Here, this paper proposed a simple reconfigurable XOR/OR gate using Two-Dimensional (2D) Photonic crystal structure. The performance of the device is analyzed using 2D finite difference time domain method. The dimension of the proposed crystal structure is 12.5 µm × 12 µm. The field distribution has been measured and displayed to indicate the performance of the logic gates. The proposed structure is very compact with a low latency of 120 fs.

K. Murugalakshmi

Papers

Design and analysis of a reconfigurable XOR/OR logic gate using 2D photonic crystals with low latency