Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses. Volume 3 By Ivan A. Ross. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 2005. xvii + 623 pp. 16.5 × 26 cm. ISBN 1-58829-129-4. $125.00.

Ascariasis is a disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (in human) or Ascaris suum (in pigs). Indonesia is a country that has a high rate of worm infection due to poverty, poor sanitation, and the difficulty of clean water access. Treatment that can be given to reduce the incidence of Journal of Medicine and Health Perbandingan Pengaruh Ekstrak Bawang... Vol. 3 No. 1 February 2021 e-ISSN : 2442-5257 J Med Health.2021;3(1):34-45 35 Research Article Ascariasis could be natural ingredients, such as Shallots (Allium cepa L. Var. aggregatum) and Garlic (Allium sativum). The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of Allium cepa and Allium sativum extract against the lethal effect and obtain a comparison. The sample of this research was tested on 5 adult worms A.suum with three-time repetitions. The extract was made by remaceration method in three concentrations, 6%, 9%, and 24%, and observed in 24 hours. The result by Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric test of A. cepa L. Var. aggregatum and A. sativum extract is p=0,000, and p=0,003, respectively. This result shows that both extracts have significant lethal effect. Post Hoc LSD test shows that A. cepa L. Var. aggregatum extract has a more significant value compared to A. sativum. The conclusion of this study is Allium cepa L. Var. Aggregatum extract is more effective than Allium sativum extract as anthelmintic of A.suum.

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Efficacy of Shallot (Allium cepa L. Var. aggregatum) and Garlic (Allium sativum) as Herbal Anthelmintic against Ascaris suum

This study evaluated the effect of Zingiber officinale (Z officinale) ethanol extract on the viability, embryogenesis and infectivity Toxocara canis (T canis) eggs It was carried out both in vitro and in vivo In the in vitro experiment, unembryonated T canis eggs were incubated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL Z officinale extract at 25 °C for 6, 12, and 24 h to assess the effect of Z officinale on their viability and for two weeks to assess the effect of Z officinale on their embryogenesis In vivo experiment was performed to assess the effect of Z officinale on infectivity of T canis eggs Treated embryonated eggs by Z officinale extract at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL for 24 h were inoculated into mice and their livers were examined for the presence of T canis larvae on the 7th day after infection and for histopathological evaluation at 14th day post-infection Z officinale showed a significant ovicidal activity on T canis eggs The best effect was observed with 100 mg/mL concentration after 24 h with an efficacy of 982% However, the treated eggs by 25, 50 mg/mL of Z officinale extract after 24 h showed ovicidal activity by 5922 and 825% respectively Moreover, this extract effectively inhibited T canis eggs embryogenesis by 9964% and caused their degeneration at the concentration of 100 mg/mL after 2 weeks of treatment However, the lower concentrations, 25 and 50 mg/mL inhibited embryogenesis by 5119 and 7857% respectively The effect of Z officinale on the infectivity T canis eggs was proven by the reduction of larvae recovery in the livers by 359, 628 and 895% in mice groups inoculated by Z officinale treated eggs at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL respectively Histopathologically, the liver tissues of mice infected with Z officinale treated eggs at the concentration of 100 mg/mL appeared healthy with slight degenerative changes of hepatocytes, opposite to that recorded in the infected mice with treated eggs by the lower concentrations In conclusion; Z officinale extract possessed dose-dependent anti-T canis activity on the viability, embryogenesis and infectivity of T canis eggs

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Efficacy of Zingiber officinale ethanol extract on the viability, embryogenesis and infectivity of Toxocara canis eggs

Ascaris suum is present in traditionally managed indoor pig herds and in industrialized farms, especially in older fatteners and sows. The increasing resistance to common antihelminthic drugs redirected research towards alternative and traditional therapies, which also include medicinal plants. This study comparatively evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic effects of Allium sativum L., Artemisia absinthium L., Cucurbita pepo L., Coriandrum sativum L., Satureja hortensis L. and Calendula officinalis L. against A. suum egg hatching and larval development. A. suum eggs were sampled from randomized fecal specimens collected from traditionally raised swine. The egg suspension (ES, 12 × 103/mL) was divided into two controls (C) (1C—1 mL ES + 1 mL distilled water, 2C—five plates of 1 mL ES + 1 mL ethanol of 70%, 35%, 17.5%, 8.75%, and 4.375%, respectively) and six experimental groups, and placed in 3 mL cell plates. The experimental groups (EG, 1–6) included ES + each alcoholic plant extract (10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.625%). Both C and EG were performed in quintuplicate. All variants were incubated at 27 °C for a total of 21 days. A. suum eggs were examined after 2, 14 (L1), and 21 (L2/L3) days of incubation. The efficacy of all tested plant extracts increased with concentration. Anti-embryogenic effects on A. suum eggs were expressed by all plants. A superior influence was observed in A. sativum L., A. absinthium L., C. pepo L. and S. hortensis L. extracts, at all concentrations tested. A. sativum L. and A. absinthium L. extracts showed the strongest antihelminthic activity, while C. sativum L. and C. officinalis L. were the weakest ascaricids. Future in-depth phytochemical studies are required to identify the compounds responsible for the anthelminthic properties of these plant species.

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The Effects of Allium sativum L., Artemisia absinthium L., Cucurbita pepo L., Coriandrum sativum L., Satureja hortensis L. and Calendula officinalis L. on the Embryogenesis of Ascaris suum Eggs during an In Vitro Experimental Study

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Efficacy of some Egyptian native plant extracts against Haemonchus contortus in vitro and in experimentally infected sheep along with the associated haematological and biochemical alterations

Prevalence of animal diseases is one of the major livestock production constraints in Kenya with high impacts on livelihoods due to related economic losses affecting food security in the country. The use of synthetic drugs for disease management has challenges. This makes the use of medicinal plants for treatment a rational alternative. Ascarids, Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum are among the most frequently observed helminth parasites in dogs in Kenya. The two parasites are also known to cause helminthiasis in human beings. This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of ethanol and aqueous extracts from bulbs of A. sativum and A. cepa and from leaves of J. curcas against T. canis and A. caninum parasites. Six (6) extracts from three (3) plants: A. cepa, A. sativum and J. curcas were selected for in vitro anthelmintic screening by measuring ability to inhibit hatching and development of eggs and survival of larvae in vitro. The ethanol extracts of A. cepa inhibited hatching of 100% of eggs of A. caninum between 10,000 and 2,500 ug/ml and 100% of eggs of T. canis between 10,000 and 1,250 ug/ml while that of A. sativum inhibited hatching of 100% of A. caninum eggs between 10,000 and 5,000 ug/ml. However the ethanol extract of A. sativum did not have the same effect on the development of T. canis eggs at these concentrations. The ethanol extracts of both A. cepa and A. sativum affected the survival of 100% of A. caninum larvae at a concentration of 156 ug/ml and above. The water extracts of the three plants had moderate effects on the eggs and the larvae of both parasites. The results indicate that the ethanol extracts of A. cepa and A. sativum have anthelmintic properties which should be investigated further to support the ethnoveterinary use of the plants as anthelmintics for control and treatment of worm infestation in dogs.

	Key words: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Anthelmintic activity, Ancylostoma caninum, Jatropha curcas Toxocara canis.

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In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Jatropha curcas against Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum

Olea africana is used by some indigenous communities in Kenya to control gastrointestinal worms in animals. Plant-based anthelmintics are gaining popularity globally in the control of gastrointestinal worms in animals. The egg hatch inhibition assay was used to assess the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of O. africana against the eggs of mixed gastrointestinal helminths in dogs. Probit regression was used to calculate the concentration of extracts that inhibited egg hatching by 50% (IC50). Albendazole was used as a control. Standard techniques were used to quantify the phytochemicals in the extracts. The aqueous extract had an IC50 of 1.85 mg/mL (1.64–2.10), and the ethanol extract had an IC50 of 0.25 mg/mL (0.23–0.26). Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that aqueous and ethanol extracts of O. africana contained alkaloids (19.40 and 61.60%), saponins (24.00 and 6.00%), phenols (0.95 and 1.28 mg/g gallic acid equivalents (GAE)), flavonoids (8.71 and 12.26 mg/g catechin equivalents (CE)), and tannins (67.30 and 76.30 mg/g of tannic acid equivalent (TAE)), respectively. O. africana has dose-dependent anthelmintic effects against mixed gastrointestinal worms in dogs. These findings support the traditional use of Olea africana as a treatment option for gastrointestinal worms in dogs.

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Preliminary Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Olea africana against Mixed Gastrointestinal Worms in Dogs

The objective of this study was to determine, quantify and disseminate the level of environmental chemical contaminants in the topsoil, water, pasture, milk, blood, feaces, kidney, and adipose tissues from cattle reared in peri-urban slum of Kisumu County. Various samples were collected from Mamboleo, Nyalenda and Otonglo in Kisumu County in the months of April and August 2019 respectively to determine possible seasonal or environmental variability of contaminants. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to identify and quantify the level of toxic heavy metals and the results were compared to WHO food safety limits.Flotation method was used to determine Helminth’s infections. Viable bacterial cell counts were determined using the Spread-Plate method. The heavy metals analyzed were: Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As) and Copper (Cu). One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test was used to determine significant difference in the mean level of heavy metals. There were variations in mean heavy concentration levels between the two visits (p<0.05). Helminthosis was prevalent (59.5%) and total Fecal Egg Count (FEC) varied across samples. Study findings show varying heavy metal concentration levels which exceed WHO/FAO food safety limits implying livestock kept in peri-urban setting of Kisumu town are at a risk of ingest contaminated pasture, threatening food safety among consumers. This study recommends policies aimed at mitigating pollution from chemical contaminants and other anthropogenic activities and farmer sensitization on better farming system with limited risks on food safety and animal-human food chain.

K. O. Orengo

Papers

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Jatropha curcas against Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum

Preliminary Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Olea africana against Mixed Gastrointestinal Worms in Dogs

Risk of Environmental Chemical Contaminants Associated with Animal Feeding in Peri Urban Areas of Kisumu Town