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Sfpe Handbook Of Fire Protection Engineering

A survey of advances in vision-based vehicle re-identification

This paper comprehensively reviews recent developments in modeling lane-changing behavior. The major lane changing models in the literature are categorized into two groups: models that aim to capture the lane changing decision-making process, and models that aim to quantify the impact of lane changing behavior on surrounding vehicles. The methodologies and important features (including their limitations) of representative models in each category are outlined and discussed. Future research needs are determined.

Recent developments and research needs in modeling lane changing

Cellular Automata (CA) modelling is extended to study the heterogeneous traffic observed in developing countries. In heterogeneous traffic, the physical and mechanical characteristics of different vehicles vary widely which in turn leads to complex traffic behaviour resulting in no-lane discipline. This nature of the heterogeneous traffic is modelled with the help of an improved discrete CA model. A detailed description of the methodology used in developing the basic structure of the CA model is presented and the modified methodology is used to generate different traffic scenarios. From the results, it is observed that with the help of simple updating rules along with typical heterogeneous traffic characteristics of the region, this model is able to reproduce real traffic behaviour. An added advantage is that the modified structure of the CA model can also be used to extract some basic traffic characteristics which are useful in understanding the heterogeneous traffic behaviour. The simulation model is finally validated using the flow and occupancy relationship obtained from the field.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/atr.5670430305

Cellular Automata Model for Heterogeneous Traffic

As ‘greening’ of all aspects of human activity becomes mainstream, transportation science is also increasingly focused around sustainability. Modal co-existence between motorised and non-motorised traffic on urban networks is, in this context, of particular interest for traffic flow modelling. The main modelling problems here are posed by the heterogeneity of vehicles, including size and dynamics, and by the complex interactions at intersections. Herein we address these with a novel technique, based on one-dimensional cellular automata components, for modelling network infrastructure and its occupancy by vehicles. We use this modelling approach, together with a corresponding vehicle behaviour model, to simulate combined car and bicycle traffic for two elemental scenarios—examples of components that would be used in the building of an arbitrary network. Results of simulations performed on these scenarios, (i) a stretch of road and (ii) an intersection causing conflict between cars and bicycles sharing a lane, are presented and analysed.

Cellular automata simulation of traffic including cars and bicycles

Increasing congestion due to rapid urbanization in developing countries like India necessitates the study of traffic flow for effective traffic management. Most of the traffic studies conducted in this regard were on the lines of methods used in developed countries. These studies were able to represent the traffic behavior only in a very limited manner. In developing countries traffic is composed of several types of vehicles ranging from cars with high speeds to low speed non-motorized vehicles. Microscopic traffic characteristics such as time headway and space headway are difficult to measure due to the heterogeneous nature (no lane discipline, and two or three small vehicles occupying one lane in lateral direction) of the traffic. Even using some of the macroscopic traffic characteristics such as density or occupancy, to study this kind of traffic may lead to erroneous results. Thus it is desirable to have a metric that can represent the heterogeneous nature of traffic in these conditions. Since varying...

Area occupancy characteristics of heterogeneous traffic

The dimensionality of pedestrian infrastructure facilities have a great influence on pedestrian movements and a considerable impact on natural environment of the facility. Understanding the pedestrian movements are crucial to estimate the capacity of the system accurately, especially in the transportation terminals such as railway stations, bus terminals, airports and so forth, where large crowd gathers and transfers. To have a safe and comfortable movement in normal situation and also a quick evacuation in emergency situation, pedestrian movement patterns should be analysed and modelled properly. Once the behaviour of pedestrians is established in terms of speed and density with respect to the environment, even for the colossal systems, the pedestrian flow characteristics can be modelled by applying extremely efficient simulations. The main modelling element in the context of flow models is the fundamental relationship among speed, flow and density. The objective of this study is to review the fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics developed for various flow types and geometric elements. This paper also discusses the design values of flow parameters and walking speeds of pedestrians at various facilities. In order to achieve the goal of this paper, we presented a systematic review of fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics developed by using various approaches such as field, experimental and simulation. After a thorough review of literature, this paper identifies certain research gaps which provides an opportunity to enhance the understanding of fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics.

Fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics: A review

Traffic data collection under mixed traffic conditions is one of the major problems faced by researchers as well as traffic regulatory authorities. Study and analysis of traffic behavior is critically dependent on the availability of observed traffic data. For mixed traffic observed in developing countries, no suitable tool is available for this purpose. Keeping in view these necessities and problems in data collection, a novel offline image processing-based data collection system, suitable for mixed traffic conditions, is developed. Its underlying ability to detect, track, and classify vehicles makes it useful in collecting traffic data under varying traffic conditions. This system can automatically analyze traffic videos and provide macroscopic traffic characteristics such as classified vehicle flows, average vehicle speeds and average occupancies, and microscopic characteristics such as individual vehicle trajectories, lateral, and longitudinal spacing. It is observed that this new system is working well even under congested mixed traffic conditions.

http://www.123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/010/73171838-Traffic-Data-Collection-Under-Mixed-Traffic-Conditions-Using-Video-Image-Processing.pdf

Traffic Data Collection under Mixed Traffic Conditions Using Video Image Processing

A comprehensive methodology for modelling the heterogeneous traffic is presented in this article. Considering the no-lane discipline and the presence of various sizes of vehicles, several microscopic and macroscopic traffic variables are analysed for their suitability in describing the heterogeneous traffic. Applicability in the modelling process and the feasibility in collecting field data are the important criteria used in deciding the suitable traffic variables. In place of occupancy, its variant termed as area occupancy was found to be suitable in describing the heterogeneous traffic. Vehicle size, mechanical characteristics, lateral distribution of vehicles and the lateral gaps maintained by them are found to be more suitable microscopic traffic variables. Data on these variables have been used in modifying the cell structure and the updating procedures of the cellular automata (CA)-based traffic flow model. A customised video image processing-based data collection technique has been used in collecti...

K. Ramachandra Rao

Papers

Cellular Automata Model for Heterogeneous Traffic

Area occupancy characteristics of heterogeneous traffic

Fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow characteristics: A review

Traffic Data Collection under Mixed Traffic Conditions Using Video Image Processing

Heterogeneous traffic flow modelling: a complete methodology