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Current Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Cotton production is on the decline due to ever-changing environmental conditions. Drought and salinity stress contribute to over 30% of total loss in cotton production, the situation has worsened more due to the narrow genetic base of the cultivated upland cotton. The genetic diversity of upland cotton has been eroded over the years due to intense selection and inbreeding. To break the bottleneck, the wild cotton progenitors offer unique traits which can be introgressed into the cultivated cotton, thereby improving their performance. In this research, we developed a BC2F2 population between wild male parent, G. tomentosum as the donor, known for its high tolerance to drought and the elite female parent, G. hirsutum as the recurrent parent, which is high yielding but sensitive to drought stress. The population was genotyped through the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method, in which 10,888 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) s were generated and used to construct a genetic map. The map spanned 4191.3 cM, with average marker distance of 0.3849 cM. The map size of the two sub genomes had a narrow range, 2149 cM and 2042.3 cM for At and Dt_sub genomes respectively. A total of 66,434 genes were mined, with 32,032 (48.2%) and 34,402 (51.8%) genes being obtained within the At and Dt_sub genomes respectively. Pkinase (PF00069) was found to be the dominant domain, with 1069 genes. Analysis of the main sub family, serine threonine protein kinases through gene ontology (GO), cis element and miRNA targets analysis revealed that most of the genes were involved in various functions aimed at enhancing abiotic stress tolerance. Further analysis of the RNA sequence data and qRT-PCR validation revealed 16 putative genes, which were highly up regulated under drought stress condition, and were found to be targeted by ghr-miR169a and ghr-miR164, previously associated with NAC(NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) and myeloblastosis (MYB), the top rank drought stress tolerance genes. These genes can be exploited further to aid in development of more drought tolerant cotton genotypes.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/6/1614/pdf

GBS Mapping and Analysis of Genes Conserved between Gossypium tomentosum and Gossypium hirsutum Cotton Cultivars that Respond to Drought Stress at the Seedling Stage of the BC₂F₂ Generation.

The challenge in tetraploid cotton cultivars is the narrow genetic base and therefore, the bottleneck is how to obtain interspecific hybrids and introduce the germplasm directly from wild cotton to elite cultivars. Construction of genetic maps has provided insight into understanding the genome structure, interrelationships between organisms in relation to evolution, and discovery of genes that carry important agronomic traits in plants. In this study, we generated an interspecific hybrid between two wild diploid cottons, Gossypium davidsonii and Gossypium klotzschianum, and genotyped 188 F2:3 populations in order to develop a genetic map. We screened 12,560 SWU Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers and obtained 1000 polymorphic markers which accounted for only 8%. A total of 928 polymorphic primers were successfully scored and only 728 were effectively linked across the 13 chromosomes, but with an asymmetrical distribution. The map length was 1480.23 cM, with an average length of 2.182 cM between adjacent markers. A high percentage of the markers on the map developed, and for the physical map of G. raimondii, exhibited highly significant collinearity, with two types of duplication. High level of segregation distortion was observed. A total of 27 key genes were identified with diverse roles in plant hormone signaling, development, and defense reactions. The achievement of developing the F2:3 population and its genetic map constructions may be a landmark in establishing a new tool for the genetic improvement of cultivars from wild plants in cotton. Our map had an increased recombination length compared to other maps developed from other D genome cotton species.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/1/204/pdf

Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Genetic Linkage Map of D Genome Diploid Cotton Derived from an Interspecific Cross between Gossypium davidsonii and Gossypium klotzschianum

Background Neuroticism is associated with low emotional stability, and it is characterized by a tendency to perceive ordinary situations as threatening and difficult to manage. This personality trait has been associated with psychological distress and predicts some mental disorders. Previous studies have shown that women tend to be more neurotic than men and, in general, females have also a higher incidence of anxious and depressive disorders. Methods We analyzed in a sample of 99 female university students (from 18 to 26 years old) if emotional stability, measured using the Big Five Questionnaire, was linked to polymorphic variants in candidate genes related to dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, and other personality variables. Results We found that emotional stability and its subdimensions are genetically associated with MAOA-uVNTR polymorphism. Thus, women carriers of the 3-repeat allele (lower MAO-A expression) showed higher levels of emotional stability. No associations were found with other polymorphisms analyzed, including COMT Val158 Met, 5-HTTLPR, and DAT 3'UTR VNTR. Furthermore, our results showed a negative correlation between emotional stability and depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. In fact, MAOA-uVNTR and trait anxiety also explained emotional stability and its subdimensions. We also found that other genetic characteristic, phenylthiocarbamide tasting, explained impulsivity, specifically tasters controlled impulses better than nontasters. Conclusion Our results indicate that neuroticism might be regulated by MAOA and could be a common factor between different phenotypes, such as aggressive behaviors or personality disorders, observed in women with higher activity genotype who had been exposed to negative environments during childhood. This study could lead to a better understanding of the basis of emotional stability and could lead to future projects for this purpose.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brb3.1376

Emotional stability is associated with the MAOA promoter uVNTR polymorphism in women.

BACKGROUND: Keeping up motivation to learn when socially isolated during a pandemic can be challenging. In medical schools, the COVID-19 pandemic required a complete switch to e-learning without any direct patient contact despite early reports showing that medical students preferred face-to-face teaching in clinical setting. We designed close to real-life patient e-learning modules to transmit competency-based learning contents to medical students and evaluated their responses about their experience. METHODS: Weekly e-learning cases covering a 10-week leading symptom-based curriculum were designed by a team of medical students and physicians. The internal medicine curriculum (HeiCuMed) at the Heidelberg University Medical School is a mandatory part of clinical medical education in the 6th or 7th semester. Case-design was based on routine patient encounters and covered different clinical settings: preclinical emergency medicine, in-patient and out-patient care and follow-up. Individual cases were evaluated online immediately after finishing the respective case. The whole module was assessed at the end of the semester. Free-text answers were analyzed with MaxQDa following Mayring`s principles of qualitative content analyses. RESULTS: N = 198 students (57.6% female, 42.4% male) participated and 1252 individual case evaluations (between 49.5% and 82.5% per case) and 51 end-of-term evaluations (25.8% of students) were collected. Students highly appreciated the offer to apply their clinical knowledge in presented patient cases. Aspects of clinical context, interactivity, game-like interface and embedded learning opportunities of the cases motivated students to engage with the asynchronously presented learning materials and work through the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Solving and interpreting e-learning cases close to real-life settings promoted students' motivation during the COVID-19 pandemic and may partially have compensated for missing bedside teaching opportunities.

/pdf/effects-of-realistic-e-learning-cases-on-students-learning-4ctr5xltxv.pdf

Effects of realistic e-learning cases on students' learning motivation during COVID-19.

Background During the crucial time of coronavirus pandemic, education is being remodelled: opening the doors of electronic learning (e-learning). The review emphasises on the various e-learning methods that can be used in the current scenario. Methods The review was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines on databases, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane. Out of 1524 identified articles, after the process of screening and based on the eligibility criteria, 45 full-text articles were reviewed. Results Though there are many caveats on the path of successful implementation this is the right time that we step towards e-learning. The article discusses the methods and tools in e-learning that can modify the traditional ways of content delivery, record maintenance, assessment and feedback. Conclusion During the period of ‘planet arrest’, when the whole world is locked down with the motive of social distancing, let us stay connected with e-learning.

https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/97/1151/590.full.pdf

'Learning from home': role of e-learning methodologies and tools during novel coronavirus pandemic outbreak

Background: Designing of active learning strategies that promote self-directed learning, has been emphasized in the directives of undergraduate medical education by the Medical Council of India. Acknowledging the diverse learning styles and learning approaches of the medical students is often an underutilized approach to improve classroom instructions. 

Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to study the percentage distribution of diverse learning styles and predominant learning approach among the medical students. 

Materials and Methods: Self-administered visual, auditory, read/write, kinesthetic questionnaire and Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students questionnaire were distributed to 121 medical undergraduate students, to assess their learning style and learning approach, respectively. 

Results: Of the total 121 students, 53.8% students were unimodal learners and 46.2% were multimodal learners. Among the unimodal learners, predominant were visual learners (24.1%). There was no significant influence of gender on the learning style preferences among the medical students. Deep approach was the predominant learning approach among the medical students. The mean scores of the strategic approach were significantly higher in females compared to the male medical students. 

Conclusion: A successful learning results only when the teaching and assessment methods are in alignment with the students learning preferences. Students aware of their learning style and approach may be motivated to adopt techniques that best suit their learning styles and this may result in greater educational satisfaction.

A study on the learning styles and learning approaches among medical students

INTRODUCTION: Taste blindness to the phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is an inherited trait that is shown to influence our food and dietary preferences which in turn influence our body weight. Obesity is a global epidemic issue known to be on rise among the developing countries. Relating taste perception to obesity, the present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste blindness among obese individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred and fifty individuals of age group 20-40 y were recruited from the local community for the present cross sectional study. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI was calculated. Subjects were classified as underweight, normal, overweight and obese based on their BMI. Normal, overweight and obese individuals were then asked to taste the commercially available PTC test papers and classified as non tasters and tasters of PTC. RESULTS: Out of 350 individuals, mean age group of 30±6.02 y, based on their BMI they were divided into 4 groups, Group A-underweight (16%), Group B-normal (35%), Group C-overweight (28%) and Group D-obese (21%) individuals. In group B, 28% were non tasters of PTC and 65% were tasters. In group C, 82% were non tasters and 13% were tasters and in Group D, 81% were non tasters and 19% were tasters of PTC. The PTC non taster phenotype individuals showed higher BMI as compared with the tasters' phenotype. CONCLUSION: Exploring the novel connections between taste perception and obesity would help us to gain a control over the global epidemic-Obesity, which is the crux factor for various other health problems. The study advocates the usage of PTC tasting as a reliable indicator of weight gain susceptibility.

A Study on Prevalence of Phenyl Thiocarbamide (PTC) Taste Blindness Among Obese Individuals.

Background and Aim: Measurement of the ventilatory adaptation to exercise may provide useful information about the functional reserve capacity of the lungs in individuals with respiratory diseases. However it is essential to define the mode of response to exercise in a normal population before identifying the individuals with an abnormal response. Hence the present study aimed to study the influence of acute exercise on pulmonary function tests in normal young individuals.
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 students comprising of 50 males and 50 females in the age group of 18-21 years were divided into four groups based on their body mass index as Underweight, normal, overweight and obese individuals. Respiratory parameters (VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1% and PEF) were measured at rest and after an incremental form of acute exercise in the bicycle ergometer.
Results: No significant changes were observed in all the four groups before and after exercise in males. However the post exercise values of FVC and VC were reduced than the baseline values in overweight and obese females (p < 0.01).
Conclusion: Acute exercise did not significantly affect the respiratory parameters. However the body fat distribution of the individual may significantly influence the ventilatory response   to acute exercise in otherwise healthy individuals.

Key words: Exercise, Pulmonary function tests, Body mass Index

https://www.ijcap.org/journal-article-file/1037

Influence of Exercise on Pulmonary Function tests in young individuals

Introduction and Aim: Prehypertension and obesity are the important cardio metabolic risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome Neck circumference (NC) is an effective marker and screening tool for obesity It gives a quick assessment of the upper body fat distribution Early detection of obesity and prehypertension can increase the longevity of the individual Hence, we aimed at evaluating the association of NC with prehypertension and obesity in young adults
 
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study where 150 Paramedical students were screened for prehypertension and fifty students were identified as pre-hypertensives (n=50) Routine anthropometric measurements were taken NC was measured The correlation of NC with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was calculated The prevalence and percentage distribution of obesity using NC in prehypertensive was calculated The association of NC with obesity and prehypertension was demonstrated
 
Results: The prevalence of obesity in prehypertensive students was 58% The distribution of obesity using NC was 61% in males and 55% in females Further, the association of NC with BMI (r=053,p=<00001), SBP(r=052,p=<00001) and DBP (r=044, p=<00001) was calculated using Pearson’s correlation and was statistically significant
 
Conclusion: There was an increased prevalence of obesity among pre-hypertensives with a male predisposition The study also establishes a statistically significant and strong correlation of NC with BMI, SBP and DBP NC can be used as an effective screening tool to assess obesity and prehypertension

https://biomedicineonline.org/index.php/home/article/download/542/212

K Soundariya

Papers

'Learning from home': role of e-learning methodologies and tools during novel coronavirus pandemic outbreak

A study on the learning styles and learning approaches among medical students

A Study on Prevalence of Phenyl Thiocarbamide (PTC) Taste Blindness Among Obese Individuals.

Influence of Exercise on Pulmonary Function tests in young individuals

Association of neck circumference with prehypertension and obesity in young paramedical students