Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity for diverse applications and services in both the military and civilian domains. For cooperation and collaboration among UAVs, they can be wirelessly interconnected in an ad hoc manner, resulting in a UAV network. UAV networks have unique features and characteristics that are different from mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. The dynamic behavior of rapid mobility and topology changes in UAV networks makes the design of a routing protocol quite challenging. In this paper, we review the routing protocols for UAV networks, in which the topology-based, position-based, hierarchical, deterministic, stochastic, and social-network-based routing protocols are extensively surveyed. The routing protocols are then compared qualitatively in terms of their major features, characteristics, and performance. Open issues and research challenges are also discussed in the perspective of design and implementation.

/pdf/routing-protocols-for-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-networks-a-3w0js814lp.pdf

Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks: A Survey

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are autonomous and decentralized wireless systems. Mobile Ad hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many Routing protocols have been proposed so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. This research paper describes the characteristics of ad hoc routing protocols Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Optimized link State Routing (OLSR), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) based on the performance metrics like packet delivery fraction, Average delay, Normalized Routing load, Throughput and Jitter under low mobility and low traffic network as well as under high mobility and high traffic network. Results show that AODV has maximum throughput under low traffic and DSDV has maximum throughput under high traffic. As network becomes dense OLSR, DSR and DSDV perform well in terms of Throughput than AODV and TORA. TORA performs well in dense networks in terms of packet delivery fraction but at the same time Normalized Routing load of TORA is maximum among all the protocols in both the networks. DSDV has least Normalized Routing load in both low and high traffic. OLSR and DSDV give the least Jitter and Average Delay in both networks.

/pdf/comparative-analysis-of-aodv-olsr-tora-dsr-and-dsdv-routing-4ftnva3vcn.pdf

Comparative Analysis of AODV, OLSR, TORA, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Vehicular networking is an emerging technology that holds the great promise of supporting innovative safety and non-safety applications. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) share many of the same challenges that are encountered within more general mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, by the very nature of the vehicular environment, each of these challenges may be of greater or lesser significance. Communication channel loading and changing network topology tend to be of greater concern. Battery, computing, and memory resource utilization tend to be of lesser concern. Cooperative caching is an approach that has been used extensively within MANETs to address various performance and resource challenges. Applied properly, cooperative caching can significantly reduce overall bandwidth utilization. However, within the vehicular environment, care must be taken to not overly rely on topographical knowledge during cache discovery. In this paper, we develop a unique taxonomy for cache discovery, survey a representative set of MANET-based cooperative caching schemes, and classify the associated cache discovery techniques within the taxonomy. Using this classification, we then highlight the various cache discovery techniques that have been utilized, analyze their potential in addressing the specific challenges that occur when deploying non-safety applications within VANETs, and identify general pitfalls that should be avoided. Future research can utilize the results of this analysis to develop novel cooperative caching schemes that will offer better performance within VANETs when compared to existing MANET-based cooperative caching schemes.

Leveraging MANET-Based Cooperative Cache Discovery Techniques in VANETs: A Survey and Analysis

Wireless Technology is at its peak when we talk about research and innovation. This field has become a hub of invention of new theories and structures. Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a special point of focus for the researchers. MANET is a collection of wireless mobile nodes which forms a dynamic temporary network without using any existing infrastructure. In recent time the market of mobile devices, laptops, hand held and portable devices is at its zenith so communication between such devices is an important issue. Routing is an essential part in the success of communication among these mobile structures. Routing protocols play an important role for finding an efficient and reliable route from source to destination. In the literature, there are numerous MANET routing protocols aiming to find the most suitable path from source to destination. In this paper, a comprehensive simulation based performance study and analysis is performed on various types of routing protocols over MANET. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP) has been considered for investigation in this paper based on OPNET simulation. Moreover the performance of these routing protocols will be measured on the basis of throughput, delay, load and data dropped metrics.

/pdf/comprehensive-evaluation-of-aodv-dsr-grp-olsr-and-tora-5ezvcnkao6.pdf

Comprehensive Evaluation of AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA Routing Protocols with varying number of nodes and traffic applications over MANETs

Nowadays, a growing number of communities of citizens build, operate and own open IP-based community wireless networks with thousands of low capacity nodes actively participating in routing the data traffic. This article focuses on one of their concerns, routing and its scalability, by presenting BatMan-eXperimental Version 6 (BMX6) and evaluating its performance. BMX6 is a low overhead and scalable mesh network routing protocol inspired by human networks. Its performance is evaluated in comparison with OLSR in terms of overhead and convergence time as networks grow in number of nodes and diameter. The results show that the convergence time and protocol overhead per node in BMX6 is not significantly affected by the addition of new nodes in contrast with OLSR, where both parameters can grow super-linearly. This confirms the excellent scalability of BMX6.

/pdf/an-evaluation-of-bmx6-for-community-wireless-networks-r6nlf8ebfi.pdf

An evaluation of BMX6 for community wireless networks

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many routing protocols have been proposed like OLSR, AODV, DSR, ZRP, and TORA so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. This research paper describes the characteristics of ad hoc routing protocols OLSR, AODV and TORA based on the performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overload by increasing number of nodes in the network. This comparative study proves that AODV, TORA performs well in dense networks than OLSR in terms of packet delivery ratio.

A study and comparison of OLSR, AODV and TORA routing protocols in ad hoc networks

The Mobile nodes are communicating with each other with out centralized administration and data is accessed from the data source through multi-hop environment. The accessed data is stored in the mobile node’s cache for its own and neighbor’s future use. Caching is a significant process to store the frequently accessed data item in the MANET. Data availability and accessibility is a challenging task due to mobility of nodes, limited battery power and insufficient bandwidth. Cooperative caching addresses these challenges to improve the data availability and efficiency of data access by sharing and coordination among the mobile nodes. These challenges have received a tremendous amount of concentration from researchers and led to development of many different cooperative caching strategies. This paper attempts to provide the review and hypothetical analysis of various cooperative caching strategies in the mobile ad hoc networks based on their performance metrics such as cache hit ratio and average query delay with respect to cache size and number of mobile nodes. The Global Cluster Cooperative caching provides better performance than others in terms of cache hit and average query delay.

/pdf/a-review-of-cooperative-caching-strategies-in-mobile-ad-hoc-1imt7ejw0j.pdf

K. Thirunavukkarasu

Papers

A study and comparison of OLSR, AODV and TORA routing protocols in ad hoc networks

A Review of Cooperative Caching Strategies in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks