Turbulent friction and heat transfer behaviors of dispersed fluids (i.e., uttrafine metallic oxide particles suspended in water) in a circular pipe were investigated experimentally. Viscosity measurements were also conducted using a Brookfield rotating viscometer. Two different metallic oxide particles, γ-alumina (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), with mean diameters of 13 and 27 nm, respectively, were used as suspended particles. The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers varied in the ranges l04-I05 and 6.5-12.3, respectively. The viscosities of the dispersed fluids with γ-Al2O3 and TiO2 particles at a 10% volume concentration were approximately 200 and 3 times greater than that of water, respectively. These viscosity results were significantly larger than the predictions from the classical theory of suspension rheology. Darcy friction factors for the dispersed fluids of the volume concentration ranging from 1% to 3% coincided well with Kays' correlation for turbulent flow of a single-phase fluid. The Nusselt n...

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles

A theoretical perspective is provided on the glass transition in molecular liquids at thermal equilibrium, on the spatially heterogeneous and aging dynamics of disordered materials, and on the rheology of soft glassy materials. We start with a broad introduction to the field and emphasize its connections with other subjects and its relevance. The important role played by computer simulations in studying and understanding the dynamics of systems close to the glass transition at the molecular level is given. The recent progress on the subject of the spatially heterogeneous dynamics that characterizes structural relaxation in materials with slow dynamics is reviewed. The main theoretical approaches are presented describing the glass transition in supercooled liquids, focusing on theories that have a microscopic, statistical mechanics basis. We describe both successes and failures and critically assess the current status of each of these approaches. The physics of aging dynamics in disordered materials and the rheology of soft glassy materials are then discussed, and recent theoretical progress is described. For each section, an extensive overview is given of the most recent advances, but we also describe in some detail the important open problems that will occupy a central place in this field in the coming years.

Theoretical perspective on the glass transition and amorphous materials

The ensuing mechanical response to stressing or straining a structured liquid results in various viscoelastic phenomena, either in the linear region where the microstructure responds linearly with respect to the stress and strain but does not itself change, or in the nonlinear region where the microstructure does change in response to the imposed stresses and strains, but does so reversibly. The complication of thixotropy arises because this reversible, microstructural change itself takes time to come about due to local spatial rearrangement of the components. This frequently found time-response of a microstructure that is itself changing with time makes thixotropic, viscoelastic behaviour one of the greatest challenges facing rheologists today, in terms of its accurate experimental characterisation and its adequate theoretical description. Here a history of thixotropy is given, together with a description of how it is understood today in various parts of the scientific community. Then a mechanistic description of thixotropy is presented, together with a series of applications where thixotropy is important. A list of different examples of thixotropic systems is then given. Finally the various kinds of theories that have been put forward to describe the phenomenon mathematically are listed.

Thixotropy—a review

During dendritic solidification of castings and ingots, a number of processes take place simultaneously within the semisolid region. These include crystallization, solute redistribution, ripening, interdendritic fluid flow, and solid movement. The dendritic structure which forms is greatly affected by convection during the early stages of solidification. In the limit of vigorous convection and slow cooling, grains become spheroidal. Alloys with this microstructure possess rheological properties in the semisolid state which are quite different from those of dendritic alloys. They behave thixotropically, and viscosity can be varied over a wide range, depending on processing conditions. The metal structure and its rheological properties are retained after solidification and partial remelting. The semisolid alloys can be formed in new ways, broadly termed «semisolid metal (SSM) forming processes». Some of these are now employed commercially to produce metal components and are also used to produce metal-matrix composites

Behavior of metal alloys in the semisolid state

For several centuries fluid dynamics studies have relied upon the assumption that when a liquid flows over a solid surface, the liquid molecules adjacent to the solid are stationary relative to the solid. This no-slip boundary condition (BC) has been applied successfully to model many macroscopic experiments, but has no microscopic justification. In recent years there has been an increased interest in determining the appropriate BCs for the flow of Newtonian liquids in confined geometries, partly due to exciting developments in the fields of microfluidic and microelectromechanical devices and partly because new and more sophisticated measurement techniques are now available. An increasing number of research groups now dedicate great attention to the study of the flow of liquids at solid interfaces, and as a result a large number of experimental, computational and theoretical studies have appeared in the literature. We provide here a review of experimental studies regarding the phenomenon of slip of Newtonian liquids at solid interfaces. We dedicate particular attention to the effects that factors such as surface roughness, wettability and the presence of gaseous layers might have on the measured interfacial slip. We also discuss how future studies might improve our understanding of hydrodynamic BCs and enable us to actively control liquid slip.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/68/12/R05/pdf

Boundary slip in Newtonian liquids: a review of experimental studies

1) What is rheology? historical perspective the importance of non-linearity solids and liquids rheology is a difficult subject components of rheological research. 2) Viscosity practical ranges of variables which affect viscosity the shear-dependent viscosity of non-Newtonian liquids viscometers for measuring shear viscosity. 3) Linear viscoelasticity the meaning and consequences of linearity the Kelvin and Maxwell models the relaxation spectrum oscillatory shear relationships between functions of linear viscoelasticity methods of measurement. 4) Normal stresses the nature and origin of normal stresses typical behaviour of N 1 and N 2 observable consequences of N 1 and N 2 methods of measuring N 1 and N 2 relationships between viscometric functions and linear viscoelastic functions. 5) extensional viscosity importance of extensional flow theoretical considerations experimental methods experimental results some demonstrations of high extensional viscosity behaviour. 6) Rheology of polymeric liquids general behaviour effect of temperature on polymer rheology effect of molecular weight on polymer rheology effect of concentration on the rheology of polymer solutions polymer gels liquid crystal polymers. molecular theories the method of reduced variables empirical relations between rheological functions practical applications. 7) Rheology of suspensions the viscosity of suspensions of solid particles in Newtonian liquids the colloidal contribution to viscosity viscoelastic properties of suspensions suspensions of deformable particles the interaction of suspended particles with polymer molecules also present in the continuous phase computer simulation studies of suspension rheology. 8. Theoretical rheology basic principles of continuum mechanics successful applications of the formulation principles some general constitutive equations constitutive equations for restricted classes of flows simple constitutive equations of the Oldroyd/Maxwell type solution of flow problems.

An Introduction To Rheology

Numerical Simulation of Non-Newtonian Flow

Introduction to Rheology

Part 1 Introduction: What is rheology? Why flow visualization? On flow visualization techniques Material functions Dimensionless numbers Outline of the book. Part 2 General Phenomena Rod-climbing Weissenberg effects Post-extrusion effects Extensional viscosity effects Deformation-history effects. Part 3 Contraction and Expansion Flows: Flow through axisymmetric contractions Flow through planar contractions Flow through expansions. Part 4 Confined Flows: Flow over a hole Combined mixing and separating flow Flow in a channel obstructed by an antisymmetric array of obstacles Flow in a "T" geometry Flow past cylinders and sheres High Reynolds number flows Radial flow in a Hele-Shaw cell. Part 5 Rotating and Oscillating Flows Flow in cylindrical containers Flow caused by rotating solids of revolution Instabilities in rotating flows Flow modification in the two-roll mill Flow in the four-roll mill - the Uebler effect Flow generated by a vibrating cylinder. Part 6 Jet Breakup: Deformation and breakup of viscoelastic drops in planar extensional flows Rising bubble in a non-Newtonian liquid Drop entering a liquid Aggregation effects in suspensions of spheres in non-Newtonian liquids.

Rheological phenomena in focus

Introduction: The Ground is Prepared. In the beginning. Kinematics and conservation laws. The classical extremes of elasticity and viscosity. Non-classical behaviour. Appraisal. Robert Hooke. Isaac Newton. Augustin-Louis Cauchy. James Clerk Maxwell. Ludwig Boltzmann. 2. The Growing Years Before 1945 . The beginning of experimental fluid rheology. Linear viscoelasticity. The no-slip boundary condition. Theoretical non-linear developments 1880-1945. Karl Weissenberg. 3. Interlude: Rheology Becomes an Independent Science: Societies, Congresses and Journals . Introduction. Developments in Europe. On rheological journals. More congresses. The international dimension. Eugene C. Bingham. G.W. Scott Blair. Marcus Reiner. Picture gallery. 4. Constitutive Equations . Inelastic fluids. Elastic liquids. Personalities. Progress is made. Other relatively simple equations. Overview. Anisotropic fluids. Ronald S. Rivlin. James G. Oldroyd. Coleman and Noll. Clifford A. Truesdell. Arthur S. Lodge. David V. Boger. B.K.Z. Doi and Edwards. Giuseppe Marrucci. 5. From Continuum Theory to Microstructure (and Vice Versa) . Developments. Macromolecular hypothesis. Dilute-solution theories. Concentrated solutions and melts - the network theory. Reptative rheology. Suspension rheology. Werner Kuhn. R. Byron Bird. Hanswalter Giesekus. 6. Rheometry Beyond Viscosity . Early measurements of the normal-stress differences in steady simple shear flow. Early theoretical work on the normal stress differences. Further commercial developments on normal-stress measurement. The second normal-stress difference. Rheo-optical techniques in normal-stress measurement. Linear viscoelasticity. extensional viscosity. H. Janeschitz-Kriegl. John D. Ferry. Joachim Meissner. G.V. Vinogradov. 7. Some Distinctive Rheological Concepts and Phenomena . Non-dimensional groups in rheology. The Weissenberg effect. Extrudate swell. The tubeless syphon. Thixotropy. Instability in flow. Introduction. Some early results. Cone-and-plate and torsional flows. Extrudate distortion and fracture. Instabilities in extensional flows. Drag reduction in turbulent flow. D.D. Joseph. Morton M. Denn. 8. Computational Rheology . Background and overview. Developments in computer power and computational techniques. The distinctive challenges of computational rheology. Progress is made. Direct simulation of polymer flow. M.J. Crochet. Appendices. Appendix 1. Rheometrical functions (notation). Appendix 2. Society of Rheology Bingham Medal Recipients. Appendix 3. British Society of Rheology Awards.

K. Walters

Papers

An Introduction To Rheology

Numerical Simulation of Non-Newtonian Flow

Introduction to Rheology

Rheological phenomena in focus

Rheology : an historical perspective