Crimes against the historically marginalized Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC and ST) by the upper castes in India represent an extreme form of prejudice and discrimination. In this paper, we investigate whether changes in relative material standards of living between the SCs/STs and upper castes – as measured by the ratio of consumption expenditures of SCs/STs to that of upper castes – are associated with changes in the incidence of crimes against SCs/STs. Based on the hierarchical social structure implied by the caste system, we posit that an increase in the expenditure ratio is positively correlated with the incidence of crimes committed by the upper castes against the lower castes. Using official district level crime data for the period 2001–2010, we find a positive association between crimes and expenditure of SC/ST vis-a-vis the upper castes. Further, distinguishing between violent and non-violent crimes, we find it is the violent crimes that are responsive to changes in economic gaps. Moreover, this relationship is on account of changes in the upper castes’ economic well-being rather than changes in the economic position of the SCs and STs.

/pdf/caste-based-crimes-and-economic-status-evidence-from-india-3kdmqkpov5.pdf

Caste-Based Crimes and Economic Status: Evidence from India

disinclination in corporations, which are typically seen as impersonal as those who make hiring decisions are not likely to be working alongside their candidates in most cases. From a historical perspective within the United States, according to the historian William Sundstrom distance was not necessarily the qualifying factor in explaining labor market discrimination. Prejudiced Southern whites, despite opposing integration, for the most part maintained that blacks 12 Ibid 781 13 Figart & Mutari 479

The Specter of Caste

The Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) is a modiﬁcation of the Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle predicted by several theories of quantum gravity. In this work, we compute GUP corrections to the well known Jaynes-Cummings Model (JCM) with the aim of eventually observing quantum gravity eﬀects in quantum optical systems. To this end, we ﬁrst analytically solve the GUP-corrected JCM and obtain the corrected Rabi frequency in the quadratic GUP model. Following this, we calculate the eﬀects of a dispersive interaction with light in a coherent state, and show that this gives rise to photon-added coherent states that were ﬁrst studied in [1]. The latter causes a change in the value of the Wigner function, which if detected in the laboratory, would in eﬀect be a signature of quantum gravity.

GUP Corrections to the Jaynes-Cummings Model

There has been considerable interest over the past years in investigating the role of gravity in quantum phenomenon such as entanglement and decoherence. In particular, gravitational time dilation is believed to decohere superpositions of center of mass of composite quantum systems. Since true effects of gravity are encoded in the curvature of spacetime, the universality of such decoherence must be characterized through components of Riemann tensor $R_{abcd}$, with a clear separation from non-inertial kinematic effects. We obtain the reduced density matrix of a composite system in a generic curved spacetime and express the decoherence time scale explicitly in terms of curvature. The decoherence in an inertial frame is caused by tidal acceleration. We also analyze the effects of self-gravity and show that the coupling of gravitational interaction with external curvature can not be captured by the replacement $m \to m + H_{\rm int}/c^2$.

Kabir Raj Khanna

Papers

The Specter of Caste

GUP Corrections to the Jaynes-Cummings Model

Decoherence due to Spacetime Curvature