Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals

Introduction The study aimed at evaluating oxidative stress using malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) markers in sheep naturally infected with Psoroptes ovis(Acari). Material and Methods The study was performed on 40 sheep divided into two equal groups: a healthy group (group I) and a group naturally infected with Psoroptes ovis (group II). The sera were obtained by centrifuging blood samples collected from the vena jugularis and serum MDA level changes in the samples were measured spectrophotometrically. Commercially available test kits were used for the measurement of TAC and TOS levels. The percentage ratio of TOS level to TAC level was accepted as OSI. Results The serum malondialdehyde, total oxidant status levels, and oxidative stress index increased significantly (P < 0.01) in group II, while the serum total antioxidant capacity levels decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in this group. Negative correlations between total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status and total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde, and a positive correlation between total oxidant status and malondialdehyde were found in infected sheep. Conclusion The obtained results indicated the relationship between oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and Psoroptes ovis infection in sheep. Their MDA, TAC, TOS, and OSI markers may be used to determine the oxidative stress in natural infections with Psoroptes ovis.

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Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Sheep Infected with Psoroptes Ovis using Total Antioxidant Capacity, Total Oxidant Status, and Malondialdehyde Level.

Reactive oxygen species are natural end products of the intensive metabolism in cells located in organism high-yielding dairy cows. When the disturbance of homeostasis occurs, oxidative processes lead to oxidative stress causing inflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis) in high-yielding dairy cows. This study was performed to evaluate blood antioxidant profile and pro-inflammatory cytokines in dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis. For this purpose, venous blood samples were obtained from 50 randomly selected clinically healthy lactating cows (control group) and 50 dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis based on detailed clinical examination. In cows with acute clinical mastitis, there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the clinical index score compared with control group. Biochemically, there were a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the total antioxidant capacity, activity of reduced glutathione and catalase as well as in the levels of zinc and iron. However, there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-?, activity of superoxide dismutase and the oxidative stress index. In dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis, there was a negative correlation between malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase (r=?0.653), malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 (r=?0.860), and glutathione reductase and interleukin-6 (r=?0.928). The results of the current study indicate that the body antioxidant defense system is compromised in dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis creating a state of oxidative stress. Likewise, alteration of antioxidant trace element levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines is considered the most reliable index of increased oxidative stress and tissue damage in dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis.

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Cytokine response and oxidative stress status in dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis

Prevalence of endometritis diagnosed by vaginal discharge scoring or uterine cytology in dairy cows and herds.

Associations between serum haptoglobin concentration and peri- and postpartum disorders, milk yield, and reproductive performance in dairy cows

AIM The aim of this study is to determine serum ceruloplasmin levels in cows with endometritis of varying degrees of severity and to establish whether or not there is a correlation between acute phase protein (APP) levels and biochemical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted with 100 Brown Swiss cows (3-8 years of age) on days 28-32 postpartum. Cows were divided into endometritis (mild, moderate, and severe endometriosis) and healthy groups based on ultrasonography, vaginoscopy, and cytological examination. Blood samples were collected from all cows. Levels of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), ceruloplasmin, albumin, and some biochemical parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Hp, SAA, and ceruloplasmin levels were higher in cows with endometritis than in healthy cows (p=0.001), and the levels of these APPs increased as endometritis became more severe (p=0.001). Some significant correlations were found between APPs and the biochemical parameters that were analyzed. In conclusion, it was determined that ceruloplasmin levels increase significantly in the presence of endometritis and proportionate to the severity of endometritis. A significant correlation was found between ceruloplasmin levels and Hp and SAA levels. CONCLUSION It was concluded that ceruloplasmin levels can be used in the diagnosis of endometritis as an alternative to Hp and SAA levels.

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Determination of ceruloplasmin, some other acute phase proteins, and biochemical parameters in cows with endometritis.

The aim of this study was to investigate total antioxidant (TAC), oxidant capacity (TOC) and nitric oxide levels (NO) in cattle with foot-and-mouth-diseases (FMD). Twenty Swiss Brown cattle aged between 24 and 48 months were used. Animals were divided into two groups as control (n=10) and FMD (n=10). Blood samples were collected from jugular vein and centrifuged. TOC and NO levels were found to be significantly higher in FMD group compared to those of control group. However, no significant differences were present in TAC levels between FMD and control groups. It was concluded that FMD increases serum NO levels and TOC, but do not affect TAC in cattle.

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Nitric oxide levels, total antioxidant and oxidant capacity in cattle with foot-and-mouth-disease

AIM The aim of this study was to determine the alterations in the lipid profile, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, total and direct bilirubin levels of neonatal calves with diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 25 calves with diarrhea as experimental group and 10 healthy calves as control group, 1-30 days old, were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein in tubes with anticoagulant agent to evaluate the concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), ALP, total and direct bilirubin. Very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were calculated according to the Friedewald formula. RESULTS Significant increases in the plasma levels of ALP (p<0.05), total and direct bilirubin, triglycerides, and VLDL-C (p<0.01) were determined, whereas significant decreases in the levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C (p<0.01) were observed in neonatal calves with diarrhea. CONCLUSION According to the findings of this study, liver functions impaired and, therefore, lipid profile is affected negatively in neonatal calves with diarrhea.

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Alterations in lipid profile in neonatal calves affected by diarrhea.

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Acute phase proteins and biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in Hypoderma spp. infested cattle

Aim In this study, it was aimed to determine the concentration of some important acute phase proteins (APPs) and some biochemical parameters pre-operative and post-operative in calves with omphalitis. Materials and methods A total of 20 calves were used in the study and they consist of 10 clinically healthy calves that were used as a control and 10 calves with omphalitis were used as the treatment group. Blood samples were collected from Vena jugularis of animals to tubes with anticoagulant (sodium citrate) and without anticoagulants, pre-operative (day 0), and post-operative (day 7). Samples were used to determine the concentration of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), ceruloplasmin (Cp), fibrinogen, glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, total bilirubin, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations. Results While the Hp, SAA, Cp, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, ALP, and GGT concentrations were statistically and significantly increasing rather than the control group during the pre-operative period for calves with omphalitis, they decreased to the post-operative period. Moreover, an insignificant increase in the glucose, total protein, and AST concentrations and an insignificant decrease in the albumin, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations were statistically determined. Conclusion We have the opinion that the assessment of biochemical parameters and especially APP levels in calves with the omphalitis together with the clinical findings may be important in terms of the treatment and prognosis.

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Kadir Bozukluhan

Papers

Determination of ceruloplasmin, some other acute phase proteins, and biochemical parameters in cows with endometritis.

Nitric oxide levels, total antioxidant and oxidant capacity in cattle with foot-and-mouth-disease

Alterations in lipid profile in neonatal calves affected by diarrhea.

Acute phase proteins and biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in Hypoderma spp. infested cattle

Investigation of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and some biochemical parameters in calves with omphalitis.