There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01009386/document

Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey

Wireless sensor networks for agriculture

A review of wireless sensors and networks' applications in agriculture

Internet of Things in agriculture, recent advances and future challenges

A variety of passive optical network (PON) systems has been proposed to target the bottleneck problem in the local access. The medium access controls (MACs) of the PON systems are either based on cyclic rotation or polling mechanism. However, these MACs have inherited a potential problem; the cycle time (or polling cycle in the polling MACs) increases linearly as the number of attached ONUs scale up, which can be caused by increasing customer numbers. The longer cycle time means that the ONUs have to wait longer before the next transmission window arrives thus contributing to longer packet delays and poorer QoS. In this paper, a new WDM PON system is proposed where multiple wavelength channels are established in both upstream and downstream directions. The MAC applied is based on an adaptive polling mechanism, and can be used as an upgrade solution for PON systems

Dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for differentiated sservices over WDM EPONs

Practical considerations for wireless sensor networks in cattle monitoring applications

Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of sensors and sink nodes which are used to monitor events or environmental parameters, such as movement, temperature, humidity, etc Reinforcement learning (RL) has been applied in a wide range of schemes in WSNs, such as cooperative communication, routing and rate control, so that the sensors and sink nodes are able to observe and carry out optimal actions on their respective operating environment for network and application performance enhancements This article provides an extensive review on the application of RL to WSNs This covers many components and features of RL, such as state, action and reward This article presents how most schemes in WSNs have been approached using the traditional and enhanced RL models and algorithms It also presents performance enhancements brought about by the RL algorithms, and open issues associated with the application of RL in WSNs This article aims to establish a foundation in order to spark new research interests in this area Our discussion has been presented in a tutorial manner so that it is comprehensive and applicable to readers outside the specialty of both RL and WSNs

Application of reinforcement learning to wireless sensor networks: models and algorithms

This paper investigates an adaptation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to cattle monitoring application. The proposed solution facilitates a desired requirement of continuously assessing the condition of individual animal, aggregating and reporting these data to the farm manager. There are several existing approaches to animal monitoring, from using a store and forward mechanisms to employing a GSM technique. These approaches for monitoring livestock health can only provide sporadic information and introduce a considerable cost in staffing and physical hardware. The core of this study is to overcome the aforementioned draw-backs by using alternative low cost, low power consumption sensor nodes, which are capable of providing real-time communications at a reasonable hardware cost. In this paper, the hardware and software have been carefully designed to provide early indication of possible outbreaks while conforming to WSNs' stringent limitations.

Wireless sensor networks in agriculture: cattle monitoring for farming industries

The work summarises a study of the data communications requirements for agricultural livestock monitoring applications using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Several design challenges are identified and analysed in depth based on actual global positioning system positioning data gathered from an actual herd of cattle. A wireless system including antennae diversity together with data downloads optimisation schemes utilising data collector and routers are developed and tested in a working farm environment. Two analysis metrics, connection availability and connection duration, are used to quantify the impact of cattle movement on network connectivity. The major contributions of this study stem from a definition of the communication issues in deploying animal monitoring platforms in free-ranging farm environments and the analysis and optimisation of the wireless data download performance using as the foundation knowledge gained from a series of working farm trials. Additionally, the data download protocols are designed particularly to treat animal movement. The results prove the viability of WSN-based solutions for livestock monitoring applications.

Kae Hsiang Kwong

Papers

Dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for differentiated sservices over WDM EPONs

Practical considerations for wireless sensor networks in cattle monitoring applications

Application of reinforcement learning to wireless sensor networks: models and algorithms

Wireless sensor networks in agriculture: cattle monitoring for farming industries

Implementation of herd management systems with wireless sensor networks