The ever-growing demand for low power, high performance, cost-effective, low-profile, and highly integrated wireless systems for emerging applications has triggered the need for the enormous innovations in wireless transceiver systems, components, architectures and technologies. This is especially valid for the antenna which is an integral component of the wireless transceiver systems and contributes significantly in determining their overall performance. Antenna-on-Chip (AoC) is an alternative antenna technology, which has drawn a substantial attention in recent days because of its various benefits over off-chip antenna technology. A few of these benefits include miniaturization, low power, low cost, and high integration of the wireless modules. Motivated by these valuable advantages and to unveil the true potential of the AoCs, this article presents, for the first time, a comprehensive survey of the suitability, advantages, and challenges of the AoCs for the emerging wireless applications such as 5th generation (5G) Wireless Systems, Internet-of-Things (IoT) Wireless Devices and Systems, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Wireless Interconnects, Wireless Energy Transfer, Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting, Biomedical Implants, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Autonomous vehicles, Innovative characterization methods for Integrated Circuits (ICs) and Antennas, and Smart City. In addition, this article presents the current state-of-the-art of the AoC's applications by classifying their applications in Millimeter-Wave (MM-Wave) band, Terahertz (THz) band, and low-frequency bands. The article also investigates and describes some useful methods for the mitigation of the challenges and issues posed by the emerging applications for the realization of the AoCs in a systematic manner. A concise description of the future directions of the AoCs with respect to each emerging application is also a part of this article. It is expected that this well-structured and organized survey will not only act as an excellent source of scholarship for the relevant research community, but also open up a world of novel research opportunities.

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The Potentials, Challenges, and Future Directions of On-Chip-Antennas for Emerging Wireless Applications—A Comprehensive Survey

A state‐of‐art review on band‐notch characteristics in UWB antennas

Penta-band notched ultra-wideband monopole antenna loaded with electromagnetic bandgap-structures and modified U-shaped slots

In this paper, an ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with penta-notched rejection characteristics is proposed. The first three rejected bands, 2.6 GHz (LTE band), 4.0 GHz (C-band satellite downlink), and 8.0 GHz (X-band satellite uplink), are obtained using two fork-shaped slots embedded on the radiating patch, respectively. However, additional two notched frequencies for 5.5 GHz (WLAN band) and 6.5 GHz (C-band IEEE INSAT) applications are achieved by spiral line electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. The designed antenna is fabricated over FR4 substrate and has a compact size of 31.3 × 34.9 × 1.6 mm
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 and is covering the impedance bandwidth of 2.9–10.5 GHz. Moreover, the suggested antenna has efficient notch controlling capabilities, and its performance characteristics are evaluated and analyzed in terms of rejecting frequencies, surface current distributions, radiation patterns, etc.

Penta-notched UWB Monopole Antenna Using EBG Structures and Fork-Shaped Slots

The paper presents a loaded planar monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna exhibiting quad-band notched characteristics. Triple U-shaped slots over the metallic radiating conductor and a meander line...

Loaded UWB Monopole Antenna for Quad Band-Notched Characteristics

A planar ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with quad notched bands is proposed and its performance is investigated in this paper. The designed UWB antenna consists of a rectangle-shaped radiating patch with tapers and a polygon ground plane with a rectangular slot. A rake-shaped resonator (RSR) and a pair of L-shaped slots (LSSs) are employed to achieve the desired four notched bands which are operated at 3.3–3.6GHz for WiMAX, 3.9–4.0GHz for C-band, 5.6–5.9GHz for WLAN and 7.9–8.2GHz for ITU 8 GHz band. The results show that the proposed antenna has very wide bandwidth ranging from 2.7 to 12.0 GHz with respect to VSWR < 2, which can cover entire UWB band except the four frequency rejection bands.

A planar UWB antenna with quad notched bands using rake-shaped resonator and L-shaped slots

A coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed quad-band monopole antenna is proposed and analyzed by using four meander lines for L-band, 2.4 GHz wireless local area networks (WLAN)and 3.5 GHz worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) communication applications. The desired quad frequency bands are generated by means of four meander lines. The simulation results indicate that the optimized CPW-fed quad-band monopole antenna can operate at 1.15–1.25 GHz and 1.5–1.9 GHz for L-band, 2.39–2.49 GHz for WLAN and 3.5 GHz for WiMAX communication applications with respect to S 11 < −10 dB. Additionally, the proposed antenna gives a good impedance matching characteristic and almost omnidirectional radiation patterns in the operation bands, making it suitable for multi-band wireless communication applications.

A CPW-fed quad-band monopole antenna for L-band, WLAN and WiMAX communication applications

The invention provides a defected ground decoupling structure used for a microstrip array antenna. Two microstrip array antenna array elements are arranged on a common grounding plate, wherein a groove structure is designed on the common grounding plate between the two microstrip array antenna array elements; each microstrip array antenna array element comprises a dielectric substrate and a rectangular radiation patch and a coaxial feed element which are arranged on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate; the coaxial feed element of each microstrip array antenna array element is connected with the corresponding rectangular radiation patch and an SMA inner conductor concurrently; the SMA inner conductor is connected with the common grounding plate; the groove structure comprises two comb-shaped defected ground structures which are arranged oppositely in a crossed manner; each comb-shaped defected ground structure comprises a comb handle unit and comb teeth units; and the difference between the number of the comb teeth in the first group of comb teeth units and the number of the comb teeth in the second group of comb teeth units is 1. By adoption of the defected ground decoupling structure, the coupling energy between antennas is absorbed; in addition, the isolation degree between the array antennas is improved, thereby satisfying the requirements of the antennas; and in addition, the defected ground decoupling structure has the advantages of simple design and convenient processing.

Defected ground decoupling structure used for microstrip array antenna

Ultra wide band system is a short-haul wireless communication with advantages of low power consumption, high data rate, resistance to interference, co-existence with narrowband systems and so on. A new-type ultra wide band antenna is proposed to solve the problems of miniaturization and integration. To realize on-chip system and combine with other functional microwave monolithic integrated circuits, silicon material is applied as antenna substrate. Because of high dielectric constant, silicon wafer can effectively reduce the volume of antenna. In order to extend antenna frequency band, the rectangle radiation patch of monopole antenna with coplanar waveguide feeder changes to two-tier stair structure. And a cavity is made at the bottom of substrate, which can restrain the surface waves of silicon wafer to improve antenna radiation performance. Finally the proposed antenna becomes a very compact construction with dimension of 16 × 25 × 0.4mm3. The simulation results keep basic consistency from software HFSS and CST. The frequency domain results show the antenna working bandwidth is from 3.15 GHz to 12.4 GHz, which satisfied the needs of ultra wide band system. E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns have the traits of symmetry and omni-direction. The gain range of the proposed antenna is from 1.73 to 5.12 dB. The time domain results show the far field signals of time domain response are mainly similar to the excitation signal in different directions. Slight distortion appears in the far field signals, but high correlation property also exists between input signal and radiation signal. The small size antenna is appropriate for terminals of mobile system.

Compact on-chip ultra wide band antenna with cavity structure

This paper provides a printed anti-interference antenna with excellent wide tunable and reconfigurable multiple filtering bands for ultra-wideband applications. The anti-interference characteristics are realized by the use of stubs and resonators to filter out unwanted narrowband signal interferences. Also, the wide tunable filtering function is implemented by adjusting the dimensions of these designed stubs and resonators, while the reconfigurable characteristics are carried out by switching on or off the resonance of these stubs and resonators according to each notch band. The proposed antenna is well designed and its performance is carefully investigated by using the ANSYS HFSS. The simulated results show that the proposed antenna has triple notches whose center frequencies are tunable, and can provide a reconfigurable frequency rejection characteristic, rendering it promising for short range UWB communication and multi-mode wireless communication applications.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7655139/7734201/07734848.pdf

Kai Yu

Papers

A planar UWB antenna with quad notched bands using rake-shaped resonator and L-shaped slots

A CPW-fed quad-band monopole antenna for L-band, WLAN and WiMAX communication applications

Defected ground decoupling structure used for microstrip array antenna

Compact on-chip ultra wide band antenna with cavity structure

A planar anti-interference UWB antenna with designated tunable and reconfigurable multiple filtering bands