Mediation of the microbiome-gut axis by oyster (Crassostrea gigas) polysaccharides: A possible protective role in alcoholic liver injury.

Inflammatory bowel disorder is accompanied by the destruction of immunity homeostasis, gut microbiota perturbation, and chronic inflammatory liver diseases. Butyrate is known as a primary energy source for colonocytes and functional substances for mitigating pathological features of colitis. However, it is still unclear whether butyrate alleviates colitis progression by regulation of microbiota and metabolism in the gut-liver axis. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of microbiota and metabolism of the gut-liver axis in ameliorating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced colitis in piglets using protected butyrate administration. Eighteen crossbred male piglets were weaned at 30 days old and were randomly allocated to three treatments, with CON (basal diet), LPS (basal diet + LPS), and BT-LPS (basal diet + 3.0 g/kg protected butyrate + LPS). On days 19 and 21, piglets in the LPS and BT-LPS groups were intraperitoneally challenged with LPS at 100 μg/kg body weight. Butyrate administration significantly decreased LPS-induced rise in the clinical score of piglets and colonic histological scores and reduced the susceptibility to LPS-induced severe inflammatory response by decreasing proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) cytokines. Butyrate supplementation accelerated the prevalence of Faecalibacterium and Lactobacillus by enhancing the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of colonocytes. Dietary supplementation with protected butyrate significantly targeted increased concentrations of butyric acid in the colon and portal venous circulation, and enhanced the TCA cycle in the gut-liver axis by mobilizing amino acid and vitamin B group as a coenzyme. Meanwhile, during this progress, LPS increased fatty acid synthesis that was reversed by butyrate treatment, which was reflected by decreased acylcarnitines. Butyrate-reshaped colonic microbial community and metabolism in the gut-liver axis contributed to morphology integrity and immunity homeostasis by promoting anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines and suppressing inflammatory mediator hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and its downstream response elements cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results identified the pivotal role of colonic microbiota and metabolism in the gut-liver axis for alleviating inflammatory progression and possible therapeutic targets.

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Butyrate Mitigates Weanling Piglets From Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Colitis by Regulating Microbiota and Energy Metabolism of the Gut-Liver Axis.

In the present work, the protective effect of polysaccharide from Rosa rugosa (RRP) on acute alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was investigated. The viscera index, liver function and H&E staining results showed that RRP had a protective effect on ALD mice. RRP can increase activities of SOD, GSH, GSH-Px and decrease the content of NO, MDA in ALD mice. At the same time, the serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α were decreased in ALD mice treated with RRP. Our results suggested that RRP significantly prevented alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity as the concentration rises. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to explore the effect of RRP on the gut microbiota in ALD mice. It was found that RRP can reduce the pathogenic Gammaproteobacteria and Patescibacteria but increase the beneficial gut Firmicute and Lachnospira, thereby maintain the relative stability of the gut microbiota by adjusting the gut-liver axis. This research not only opens up a new idea for the research on the efficient utilization of resources and physiological activity of Rosa rugosa, but also provides theoretical references for the search and development of natural liver-protecting drugs.

Rosa rugosa polysaccharide attenuates alcoholic liver disease in mice through the gut-liver axis

The effects of the administration of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) dietary fiber (BSDF) on high-fat diet (HDF) induced hyperlipidemia were studied with SD rat models. The results indicated that the body weight of rats and the mass of their adipose tissue were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased after the combination treatment of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 30.20%, 53.28% and 35.63%, respectively, compared to those of the model group. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, leptin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 of the SDF + IDF group were also significantly lower than those of the HDF model group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the perirenal fat percentage and body fat percentage in the SDF + IDF group were reduced by 31.61% and 25.09%, respectively. IDF exhibited better hypolipidemic ability than SDF in HFD induced rats at the same dose, while SDF and IDF showed a synergistic hyperlipidemia prevention effect. The mRNA expression levels of lipid synthesis genes SREBP-1c and FAS were significantly down-regulated by SDF + IDF treatment (P < 0.05). These results suggested that BSDF composed of IDF and SDF, with potential hypolipidemic effects, could be used in the production of health-beneficial food.

Retarding effect of dietary fibers from bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) in hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet

Over the last 15 years there has been an accumulation of data supporting the concept of a gut-brain axis whereby dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can impact neurological function. Such dysbiosis has been suggested as a possible environmental exposure triggering multiple sclerosis (MS). Dysbiosis has been consistently shown to result in a reduction in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria and a reduction in stool and plasma levels of propionate has been shown for MS patients independent of disease stage and in different geographies. A wealth of evidence supports the action of propionate on T-cell activity, resulting in decreased T-helper cell 1 (Th1) and T-helper cell 17 (Th17) numbers/activity and increased regulatory T cell (Treg cell) numbers/activity and an overall anti-inflammatory profile. These different T-cell populations play various roles in the pathophysiology of MS. A recent clinical study in MS patients demonstrated that supplementation of propionate reduces the annual relapse rate and slows disease progression. This review discusses this data and the relevant mechanistic background and discusses whether taming of the overactive immune system in MS is likely to allow easier bacterial and viral infection.

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Review: The Nutritional Management of Multiple Sclerosis With Propionate.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major products of the microbial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. SCFAs are known to improve the host metabolism, but their underlying mechanism of action remains elusive. In this study, 16 growing pigs were infused with saline or sodium propionate solution (25 mL, 2 mol/L) through a cecal fistula twice a day during a 28 day experimental period. The results showed that the cecal infusion of the SCFA propionate decreased serum and liver triglyceride levels and increased serum PYY secretion in growing pigs. Hepatic metabolomics identified 12 metabolites that were significantly altered by propionate. These included decreased levels of lipid metabolism-related stearic acid and glycerol-2-phosphate; increased levels of TCA cycle components including malic acid, fructose-6-phosphate, and succinic acid; and decreased levels of the amino acid metabolism products aspartic acid and serine. Hepatic transcriptomics demonstrated that propionate inhibited fatty acid synthesis and promoted the lipid metabolic process. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that propionate accelerated gluconeogenesis and decreased glycolysis. Taken together, these data support a role of the SCFA propionate on host lipid and glucose metabolism.

Hepatic Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Responses Induced by Cecal Infusion of Sodium Propionate in a Fistula Pig Model

The invention relates to the technical field of feed additive, its use and application, in particular to the application of propionate in promoting gastrointestinal development of pigs, an animal feedadditive and a use method thereof. The animal feed additive is propionate solution, and the propionate solution is the solution formed by propionate dissolved in physiological saline. The method of use is to install a fistula in the cecum of the animal and inject the propionate solution into the large intestine of the animal through the fistula to release the propionate so that the propionate canplay a role. The present invention solves the problems of excessive residues in feed additives, poor effectiveness and reduced tolerance of intestinal microorganisms in the prior art. The invention has the advantages of good tolerance, good inflammation inhibiting effect and promoting gastrointestinal development.

Kaifan Yu

Papers

Hepatic Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Responses Induced by Cecal Infusion of Sodium Propionate in a Fistula Pig Model

Application of propionate in promoting gastrointestinal development of pigs, animal feed additive and application method thereof