The new and ground-breaking real-time remote monitoring in triage and priority-based sensor technology used in telemedicine have significantly bounded and dispersed communication components. To examine these technologies and provide researchers with a clear vision of this area, we must first be aware of the utilised approaches and existing limitations in this line of research. To this end, an extensive search was conducted to find articles dealing with (a) telemedicine, (b) triage, (c) priority and (d) sensor; (e) comprehensively review related applications and establish the coherent taxonomy of these articles. ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science databases were checked for articles on triage and priority-based sensor technology in telemedicine. The retrieved articles were filtered according to the type of telemedicine technology explored. A total of 150 articles were selected and classified into two categories. The first category includes reviews and surveys of triage and priority-based sensor technology in telemedicine. The second category includes articles on the three-tiered architecture of telemedicine. Tier 1 represents the users. Sensors acquire the vital signs of the users and send them to Tier 2, which is the personal gateway that uses local area network protocols or wireless body area network. Medical data are sent from Tier 2 to Tier 3, which is the healthcare provider in medical institutes. Then, the motivation for using triage and priority-based sensor technology in telemedicine, the issues related to the obstruction of its application and the development and utilisation of telemedicine are examined on the basis of the findings presented in the literature.

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Systematic Review of Real-time Remote Health Monitoring System in Triage and Priority-Based Sensor Technology: Taxonomy, Open Challenges, Motivation and Recommendations

The burden on healthcare services in the world has increased substantially in the past decades. The quality and quantity of care have to increase to meet surging demands, especially among patients with chronic heart diseases. The expansion of information and communication technologies has led to new models for the delivery healthcare services in telemedicine. Therefore, mHealth plays an imperative role in the sustainable delivery of healthcare services in telemedicine. This paper presents a comprehensive review of healthcare service provision. It highlights the open issues and challenges related to the use of the real-time fault-tolerant mHealth system in telemedicine. The methodological aspects of mHealth are examined, and three distinct and successive phases are presented. The first discusses the identification process for establishing a decision matrix based on a crossover of `time of arrival of patient at the hospital/multi-services' and `hospitals' within mHealth. The second phase discusses the development of a decision matrix for hospital selection based on the MAHP method. The third phase discusses the validation of the proposed system.

Real-Time Fault-Tolerant mHealth System: Comprehensive Review of Healthcare Services, Opens Issues, Challenges and Methodological Aspects

A comprehensive survey on the reliability of mobile wireless sensor networks: Taxonomy, challenges, and future directions

Promoting patient care is a priority for all healthcare providers with the overall purpose of realising a high degree of patient satisfaction. A medical centre server is a remote computer that enables hospitals and physicians to analyse data in real time and offer appropriate services to patients. The server can also manage, organise and support professionals in telemedicine. Therefore, a remote medical centre server plays a crucial role in sustainably delivering quality healthcare services in telemedicine. This article presents a comprehensive review of the provision of healthcare services in telemedicine applications, especially in the medical centre server. Moreover, it highlights the open issues and challenges related to providing healthcare services in the medical centre server within telemedicine. Methodological aspects to control and manage the process of healthcare service provision and three distinct and successive phases are presented. The first phase presents the identification process to propose a decision matrix (DM) on the basis of a crossover of `multi-healthcare services' and `hospital list' within intelligent data and service management centre (Tier 4). The second phase discusses the development of a DM for hospital selection on the basis of integrated VIKOR-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. Finally, the last phase examines the validation process for the proposed framework.

Real-Time Remote Health-Monitoring Systems in a Medical Centre: A Review of the Provision of Healthcare Services-Based Body Sensor Information, Open Challenges and Methodological Aspects

Remotely monitoring a patient's condition is a serious issue and must be addressed. Remote health monitoring systems (RHMS) in telemedicine refers to resources, strategies, methods and installations that enable doctors or other medical professionals to work remotely to consult, diagnose and treat patients. The goal of RHMS is to provide timely medical services at remote areas through telecommunication technologies. Through major advancements in technology, particularly in wireless networking, cloud computing and data storage, RHMS is becoming a feasible aspect of modern medicine. RHMS for the prioritisation of patients with multiple chronic diseases (MCDs) plays an important role in sustainably providing high-quality healthcare services. Further investigations are required to highlight the limitations of the prioritisation of patients with MCDs over a telemedicine environment. This study introduces a comprehensive and inclusive review on the prioritisation of patients with MCDs in telemedicine applications. Furthermore, it presents the challenges and open issues regarding patient prioritisation in telemedicine. The findings of this study are as follows: (1) The limitations and problems of existing patients' prioritisation with MCDs are presented and emphasised. (2) Based on the analysis of the academic literature, an accurate solution for remote prioritisation in a large scale of patients with MCDs was not presented. (3) There is an essential need to produce a new multiple-criteria decision-making theory to address the current problems in the prioritisation of patients with MCDs.

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Real-Time Remote-Health Monitoring Systems: a Review on Patients Prioritisation for Multiple-Chronic Diseases, Taxonomy Analysis, Concerns and Solution Procedure.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the vast area of research in the field of networking. A number of challenges are faced by such type of battery operated networks. In WSN, the sensors are attached to the hardware motes devices. These sensors are responsible to sense the certain events happening in the near surrounding. This sensed data is communicated with the radio/antenna attached to the sensor nodes via wireless medium. There are basically four layers discussed in WSN, namely, physical layer, MAC layer, network layer and application layer. In our paper, we discussed some recent congestion control techniques of 2013, 2014 and 2015 also.

A survey on recent congestion control schemes in wireless sensor network

Real-time remote sensing imaging systems require high spatial resolution multispectral images. However, the remote sensing images obtained from a single satellite sensor do not provide a significant amount of information. Therefore, pansharpening techniques are desirable to provide high spatial resolution multispectral images. The hyperspectral pansharpening techniques are used to fuse the hyperspectral (HS) and the panchromatic (PAN) images to obtain an HS image with a significant amount of spatial and spectral information. The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the pansharpening techniques. Various categories of pansharpening techniques are also discussed. This paper provides three different summaries: initially, the conceptual aspects of pansharpening techniques are discussed. Thereafter, the comparative analyses are performed to evaluate the benefits and shortcomings of the existing pansharpening techniques. Finally, challenges and opportunities for future research in the field of pansharpening are discussed.

A Comprehensive Study on Computational Pansharpening Techniques for Remote Sensing Images

Due to open deployment of sensor nodes in hostile environment and lack of physical shielding, sensor networks are exposed to different types of physical threats including Clone attack where an adversary physically compromises a node, extract all the credentials such as keys, identity and stored codes, make hardware replicas with the captured information and introduce them at specified positions in the network Replica detection has become an important and challenging issue in the field of security This paper surveys the existing schemes for clone attack detection To conclude the paper, a comparison is shown of all the existing techniques in the literature

A survey on proficient techniques to mitigate Clone attack in wireless sensor networks

Congestion control and avoidance inWireless Sensor Network has becoming the major area of concern in research. This is because the congestion in the network can create various issues like more energy consumption, loss of packets, more delay, less packet delivery ratio and hence low throughput. If the congestion is avoided then these parameters can be easily controlled. Controlling the congestion, or jamming of data, is more important in case of healthcare WSN which is also called Body Area Network. This is because the variation in the above parameters like increase in delay can also cause the death of the patient. So, to elude congestion in the network, we propose a priority based congestion avoidance scheme PCAH which not only avoids the congestion problem but also provides efficient mechanism to save energy. We evaluated the proposed scheme in NS2 simulator.

Priority based congestion avoidance hybrid scheme for wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks are susceptible to clone attack due to open deployment of sensor nodes in hostile environment and lack of physical shielding. Node clone is an attempt where an adversary physically compromises a node, extract all the credentials such as keys, identity and stored codes, make hardware replicas with the captured information and introduce them at specified positions in the network. If no detection mechanism is employed then the network is vulnerable to many insidious attacks such as signal jamming, insert false information, cluster reformation and network monitoring that challenge the sensor applications. In this work we propose a mechanism based on the use of node ID and location information to detect replicated nodes by the base station in hierarchical based networks. The scheme is based on the centralized approach. The security analysis of the protocol is also presented that detects the attack in different cases.

Kamaljit Singh Saini

Papers

A survey on recent congestion control schemes in wireless sensor network

A Comprehensive Study on Computational Pansharpening Techniques for Remote Sensing Images

A survey on proficient techniques to mitigate Clone attack in wireless sensor networks

Priority based congestion avoidance hybrid scheme for wireless sensor network

A defense mechanism against clone wars in hierarchical based wireless sensor networks