https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

All these premises having, as I think, been clearly made out, it is impossible that the rulers now on earth should make any benefit, or derive any the least shadow of authority from that, which is held to be the fountain of all power, Adam's private dominion and paternal jurisdiction; so that he that will not give just occasion to think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts, where the strongest carries it, and so lay a foundation for perpetual disorder and mischief, tumult, sedition and rebellion, (things that the followers of that hypothesis so loudly cry out against) must of necessity find out another rise of government, another original of political power, and another way of designing and knowing the persons that have it, than what Sir Robert Filmer hath taught us.

Two Treatises of Government.

This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace

Inclusion and democracy.

As a consequence of the growing global need for minerals, extractive industries are continuously expanding In the North, together with several environmental problems such as climate change, this poses a real threat to the traditional livelihoods of Sami people The article examines how the rights of Sami indigenous people are protected against adverse impacts of mining activities The relevant national legislation is analyzed in all the four countries where Sami are present It is specifically examined how the main mining act in each country protects the right of Sami people to their traditional livelihoods Finally, the article sheds light on the actual effectiveness of the legal regulation This is done by analyzing the results of interviews conducted with relevant actors and stakeholders in the mining industryKeywords: indigenous peoples; Sami rights; mining(Published: March 2015)Citation: T Koivurova et al “Legal Protection of Sami Traditional Livelihoods from the Adverse Impacts of Mining: A Comparison of the Level of Protection Enjoyed by Sami in Their Four Home States” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol 6, No 1, 2015, pp 11-51 http://dxdoiorg/103402/arcticv676

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Legal Protection of Sami Traditional Livelihoods from the Adverse Impacts of Mining: A Comparison of the Level of Protection Enjoyed by Sami in Their Four Home States

The Arctic-Barents Region is facing numerous pressures from a variety of sources, including the effect of environmental changes and extractive industrial developments. The threats arising out of these pressures result in human security challenges. This book analyses the formation, and promotion, of societal security within the context of the Arctic-Barents Region. It applies the human security framework, which has increasingly gained currency at the UN level since 1994 (UNDP), as a tool to provide answers to many questions that face the Barents population today. The study explores human security dimensions such as environmental security, economic security, health, food, water, energy, communities, political security and digital security in order to assess the current challenges that the Barents population experiences today or may encounter in the future. In doing so, the book develops a comprehensive analysis of vulnerabilities, challenges and needs in the Barents Region and provides recommendations for new strategies to tackle insecurity and improve the wellbeing of both indigenous and local communities. This book will be a valuable tool for academics, policy-makers and students interested in environmental and human security, sustainable development, environmental studies and the Arctic and Barents Region in particular.

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Society, Environment and Human Security in the Arctic Barents Region

The field of Security Studies traditionally focused on military threats to states' survival, however, since the end of the Cold War the concept of security has widened and individuals and communities have gradually become viewed as appropriate referent objects of security: Multifaceted challenges facing communities at the sub-state level are increasingly regarded as security threats, including their potential to cause instability for the larger society, thus affecting states’ security. In the Arctic region, a central challenge is that inhabitants are exposed to multiple non-traditional and non-military threats resulting from environmental, economic, and societal changes, which can be understood as threats to human security. We argue that a comprehensive approach to human security overlaps with the concept of societal security, and must therefore consider threats to collective identity and the essential conditions necessary for the maintenance and preservation of a distinct society. We see the human security framework as a suitable analytical tool to study the specific challenges that threaten the Arctic population, and in turn the well-being of Arctic societies. Therefore, we argue that utilising the concept of human security can promote societal security in the context of the Arctic, and in particular, its sub-regions, for example, the Barents region.

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Constructing Arctic security: an inter-disciplinary approach to understanding security in the Barents region

Preface Notes on Contributors Part 1: Introduction Understanding Human Security as a Tool to Promote Societal Security in the Arctic Kamrul Hossain, Miguel Roncero and Anna Petretei Part 2: Overview of Human and Societal Security in the Circumpolar Arctic: Local Actors and Governance Frameworks 1 Policies and Strategies for the Arctic: A Review of the Approaches to Human Security in the Arctic Jose Miguel Roncero 2 The Interplay of the Human Security and Sustainable Development Concepts: The Case of Russia's Arctic Industrial Centers Alexander Sergunin 3 Human Security, Risk and Sustainability in the Swedish Policy for the Arctic Sara Nyhlen, Katarina Giritli Nygren, Anna Olofsson and Johanna Bergstroem 4 Colonialism, Statehood, and Sami in Norden and the Norwegian High North Wilfrid Greaves 5 Outer Space and Indigenous Security: Sweden's ESRANGE Launch Site and the Human Security of the Sami Michael Sheehan Part 3: Arctic Societies: Local Implications of Global Developments 6 The Value of the Barents Region: More than a Resource Provider Corinna Casi 7 Whether and How Social Work Could Address the Long-term Socio-environmental Risks Caused by the Mining Industry in Northern Finland Satu Ranta-Tyrkkoe 8 Achieving Human and Societal Security in Oil Producing Regions: A Komi-Izhma Community Perspective from Pripechor'e, Russia Julia Loginova 9 The Role of Hydrocarbon Development in Arctic Governance: A Suitable Approach for Human Development in the Region? Gerald Zojer 10 Arctic Society and Societal Security: A Reference to Extractive Developments in Northern Fennoscandia Kamrul Hossain, Anna Petretei 11 Indigenous Rights and Livelihoods as Concerns in the Decision-Making on Extractive Industries in Finland Stefan Kirchner Part 4: Identity, Culture, Business and Community Values 12 Innocence Challenged: Perceptions and Constructions of Human Security in Scandinavian Literature on the Arctic Helene Peterbauer and Jose Miguel Roncero Martin 13 Digital Storytelling: A Bottom-Up Approach to Gender & Human Security in the Barents Region? Tahnee Lisa Prior 14 Cultural Identity in Families with "The Finnish Origin," Living in a Russian Speaking Environment (According to Material of Murmansk Region) Elena Busyreva 15 Favorite and Least Favorite Places of the Northern Border Cities (As Exemplified in the Drawings of Schoolchildren of Nikel and Kirkenes) Tatiana Zhigaltsova Part 5: Conclusion The Arctic - A Region in Motion Kamrul Hossain, Miguel Roncero and Anna Petretei Index

Human and societal security in the circumpolar Arctic : local and indigenous communities

Overarching digitalisation is producing significant socio-cultural, economic and policy changes in the European High North. These changes create new opportunities, but also challenges and concerns for people and communities living in the region. Digital development is guided by supranational, national and regional digital policies and is secured through national cybersecurity agendas. These frameworks concentrate on advancing overall economic growth and safeguarding critical information infrastructure and information security, but pay inadequate attention to the interests, needs and fears of people and communities experiencing digitalisation in everyday life. In order to generate a more comprehensive cybersecurity agenda, which focuses on human security and empowering people to influence the digital development, a research framework highlighting the actual ways people use, wish to use, or are unable to use information and communication technologies is needed. The focus of this article is therefore on regionally contextualised digital opportunities and threats as they may be experienced by local people and communities. It utilises insights of securitisation theory to grant people a say in the direction of digital development in their region. The aim is to introduce issues of human security to cybersecurity agendas, for a more comprehensive understanding of the societal changes that digitalisation generates.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0032247418000268

Kamrul Hossain

Papers

Legal Protection of Sami Traditional Livelihoods from the Adverse Impacts of Mining: A Comparison of the Level of Protection Enjoyed by Sami in Their Four Home States

Society, Environment and Human Security in the Arctic Barents Region

Constructing Arctic security: an inter-disciplinary approach to understanding security in the Barents region

Human and societal security in the circumpolar Arctic : local and indigenous communities

Digitalisation and human security dimensions in cybersecurity: an appraisal for the European High North