This book offers comprehensive coverage of the design, analysis, and operational aspects of biomass gasification, the key technology enabling the production of biofuels from all viable sources--some examples being sugar cane and switchgrass. This versatile resource not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion systems, but also provides valuable insight into the design of biomass gasifiers. The author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures and real data on commercially operating systems. After fossil fuels, biomass is the most widely used fuel in the world. Biomass resources show a considerable potential in the long term if residues are properly handled and dedicated energy crops are grown. 5 years of the author's research in the area Biomass fuel production First book devoted to Biomass Gasification Includes step-by-design procedures, cases studies and worked out numerical examples

Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis: Practical Design and Theory

Correlations for the prediction of boiling heat transfer in small-diameter channels

Publisher Summary The chapter presents the experimental data with no particular theory, to search for significant effects of physical parameters. The present method gains power, scope, and speed by avoiding redundancies among the fluid properties, which otherwise lead to intolerable and unhelpful complexity of analysis and to a confusing multiplicity of correlations that look different but are often numerically rather similar. The chapter examines existing correlations, finding a reason for the fact that they are often numerically similar, despite using very different properties that leads to the improved method of analysis. It has always required a major effort of data reduction to compare experimental data with correlations that involve many properties. Comparisons between competing claims of different correlations are confused by uncertainties and indeed errors in tabulated property values, especially for uncommon fluids or old tabulations. These problems are greatly reduced by using a simpler correlation for example, in terms of reduced pressure, where the only tabulated property required for each fluid is critical pressure. The chapter concludes that taking advantage of that simplicity, correlations of a more subtle type can be considered without undue labor in data reduction.

Heat Flow Rates in Saturated Nucleate Pool Boiling-A Wide-Ranging Examination Using Reduced Properties

Forced convective heat transfer to supercritical water flowing in tubes

Liquid velocity distribution in two-phase bubble flow

Saturated boiling heat transfer in narrow spaces

Effect of the surface roughness on the nucleate boiling heat transfer over the wide range of pressure

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Few studies have investigated the relationship between ADC and clinical outcome in HNSCC. Our hypothesis has that relatively high pretreatment ADC would correlate with local failure of HNSCC treated with radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This includes prospective and validation studies. Seventeen patients treated with radiation therapy for primary HNSCC completed the prospective study. Variables considered to affect local failure including MR imaging–related parameters such as ADC and its change ratio were compared between patients with local failure and controls, and those showing difference or association with local failure were further tested by survival analysis. Furthermore, variables were analyzed in 40 patients enrolled in the validation study. RESULTS: Relatively high ADC calculated with b-values (300, 500, 750, and 1000 s/mm 2 ) before treatment, high ADC increase ratio, and treatment method (chemoradiotherapy versus radiation therapy alone) revealed significant difference between patients with local failure and controls or association with local failure. In Cox proportional hazard testing, high ADC before treatment alone showed significant association with local failure ( P = .0186). In the validation study, tumor volume before treatment, high ADC before treatment, T stage (T12 versus T34), and treatment method showed significance. Tumor volume before treatment ( P = .0217) and high ADC before treatment ( P = .0001) revealed significant association with local failure in Cox proportional hazard testing. High ADC before treatment was superior to tumor volume before treatment regarding association with local failure. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest pretreatment ADC obtained at high b-values as well as tumor volume correlate with local failure of HNSCC treated with radiation therapy.

http://www.ajnr.org/content/ajnr/32/10/1904.full.pdf

Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Calculated with Relatively High b-Values Correlates with Local Failure of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated with Radiotherapy

Kaneyasu Nishikawa

Papers

Forced convective heat transfer to supercritical water flowing in tubes

Saturated boiling heat transfer in narrow spaces

Effect of the surface roughness on the nucleate boiling heat transfer over the wide range of pressure

Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Calculated with Relatively High b-Values Correlates with Local Failure of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treated with Radiotherapy

Effects of system pressure and surface roughness on nucleate boiling heat transfer.