THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Nanosilver, due to its small particle size and enormous specific surface area, facilitates more rapid dissolution of ions than the equivalent bulk material; potentially leading to increased toxicity of nanosilver. This, coupled with their capacity to adsorb biomolecules and interact with biological receptors can mean that nanoparticles can reach sub-cellular locations leading to potentially higher localized concentrations of ions once those particles start to dissolve or degrade in situ. Further complicating the story is the capacity for nanoparticles to generate reactive oxygen species, and to interact with, and potentially disturb the functioning of biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes and DNA. The fact that the nanoparticle size, shape, surface coating and a host of other factors contribute to these interactions, and that the particles themselves are evolving or ageing leads to further complications in terms of elucidating mechanisms of interaction and modes of action for silver nanoparticles, in contrast to dissolved silver species. This review aims to provide a critical assessment of the current understanding of silver nanoparticle toxicity, as well as to provide a set of pointers and guidelines for experimental design of future studies to assess the environmental and biological impacts of silver nanoparticles. In particular; in future we require a detailed description of the nanoparticles; their synthesis route and stabilisation mechanisms; their coating; and evolution and ageing under the exposure conditions of the assay. This would allow for comparison of data from different particles; different environmental or biological systems; and structure-activity or structure-property relationships to emerge as the basis for predictive toxicology. On the basis of currently available data; such comparisons or predictions are difficult; as the characterisation and time-resolved data is not available; and a full understanding of silver nanoparticle dissolution and ageing under different conditions is observed. Clear concerns are emerging regarding the overuse of nanosilver and the potential for bacterial resistance to develop. A significant conclusion includes the need for a risk-benefit analysis for all applications and eventually restrictions of the uses where a clear benefit cannot be demonstrated.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/6/6/2295/pdf

Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticle Release, Transformation and Toxicity: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies and Applications.

Nanotechnology is the creation, manipulation and use of materials at the nanometre size scale (1 to 100 nm). At this size scale there are significant differences in many material properties that are normally not seen in the same materials at larger scales. Although nanoscale materials can be produced using a variety of traditional physical and chemical processes, it is now possible to biologically synthesize materials via environment-friendly green chemistry based techniques. In recent years, the convergence between nanotechnology and biology has created the new field of nanobiotechnology that incorporates the use of biological entities such as actinomycetes algae, bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and plants in a number of biochemical and biophysical processes. The biological synthesis via nanobiotechnology processes have a significant potential to boost nanoparticles production without the use of harsh, toxic, and expensive chemicals commonly used in conventional physical and chemical processes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent trends in synthesizing nanoparticles via biological entities and their potential applications.

/pdf/green-synthesis-of-metallic-nanoparticles-via-biological-2qqcskkgq6.pdf

Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles via Biological Entities

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using banana peel extract and their antimicrobial activity against representative microorganisms

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are a key threat for millions of people worldwide, since they act as vectors for devastating parasites and pathogens. Mosquito young instars are usually targeted with organophosphates, insect growth regulators and microbial control agents. Indoors residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets are also employed. However, these chemicals have strong negative effects on human health and the environment. Newer and safer tools have been recently implemented to enhance control of mosquitoes. In this review, I focus on characterization, effectiveness, and non-target effects of mosquitocidal nanoparticles synthesized using botanical products (mosquitocidal nanoparticles, MNP). The majority of plant-fabricated MNP are silver ones. The synthesis of MNP is usually confirmed by UV-visualization spectroscopy, followed by scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. Interestingly, plant-synthesized metal nanoparticles have been reported as effective ovicides, larvicides, pupicides, adulticides, and oviposition deterrents against different mosquito species of medical and veterinary importance. Few parts per million of different MNP are highly toxic against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, the dengue vector Aedes aegypti, and the filariasis mosquito Culex quiquefasciatus. However, despite the growing number of evidences about the effectiveness of MNP, moderate efforts have been carried out to shed light on their possible non-target effects against mosquito's natural enemies and other aquatic organisms. In the final section, particular attention was dedicated to this issue. A number of hot areas that need further research and cooperation among parasitologists and entomologists are highlighted.

Plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles as an emerging tool against mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance: a review

The biological process with the ability to study the shape of particles produced would therefore be a limelight of modern nanotechnology. The bacterial strain Escherichia coli, used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles were investigated. These silver nanoparticles were characterized by means of UV–vis spectroscopy, particle size analyzer. The nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance at 400 nm in UV–vis spectroscopy corresponding to the plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles.

/pdf/microbial-production-of-silver-nanoparticles-4d7ljynbfm.pdf

Microbial Production of Silver Nanoparticles

Evaluation and optimization of food-grade tannin acyl hydrolase production by a probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain in submerged and solid state fermentation

Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1407 represents a valuable source of an economically attractive stable long-life tannase with potential for application in various industries. The effect of fermentation parameters such as pH, temperature and agitation speed on the growth of biomass and production of tannase using liquid medium were determined at the end of fermentation period. The optimum values of pH, reaction temperature and agitation speed for tannase activity were 6.0, 30 °C and 125 rpm respectively. The maximum tannase activity was found to be 9.29 U/mL.

/pdf/effect-of-fermentation-parameters-on-extra-cellular-tannase-4gs8svqmr2.pdf

Effect of Fermentation Parameters on Extra Cellular Tannase Production by Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1407

Mathematical modeling and simulation of newly isolated bacillus cereus M1GT for tannase production through semi-solid state fermentation with agriculture residue triphala

In this research, optimization of the production medium to enhance tannase production by Bacillus gottheilii M2S2 in laboratory-scale packed bed reactor was studied. Amount of substrate Triphala, moisture content, aeration rate, and fermentation period was chosen for optimization study. During one variable at a time optimization, the highest tannase activity of 0.226 U/gds was shown with Triphala as a substrate at the fermentation period of 32 h. Furthermore, the optimum conditions predicted by response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) were found to be 11.532 g of substrate Triphala, 47.071% of the moisture content, and 1.188 L/min of an aeration rate with uppermost tannase activity of 0.262 U/gds. In addition, the single hidden layer feedforward neural network (SLFNN) and the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) of an artificial neural network (ANN) were adopted to compare the prediction performances of the RSM and GA. It revealed that the ANN models (SLFNN, R2 = 0.9930; and RBFNN, R2 = 0.9949) were better predictors than the RSM (R2 = 0.9864). Finally, the validation experiment exhibited 0.265 U/gds of tannase activity at the optimized conditions, which is an 11-fold increase compared to unoptimized media in shake flask.

Modeling and optimization of tannase production with Triphala in packed bed reactor by response surface methodology, genetic algorithm, and artificial neural network

Kannan Natarajan

Papers

Microbial Production of Silver Nanoparticles

Evaluation and optimization of food-grade tannin acyl hydrolase production by a probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain in submerged and solid state fermentation

Effect of Fermentation Parameters on Extra Cellular Tannase Production by Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1407

Mathematical modeling and simulation of newly isolated bacillus cereus M1GT for tannase production through semi-solid state fermentation with agriculture residue triphala

Modeling and optimization of tannase production with Triphala in packed bed reactor by response surface methodology, genetic algorithm, and artificial neural network