Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) comprises a range of functional components with high antioxidant potential and health benefits. Although SCG has many advantages, antioxidant values obtained using enzymes is still scarce. Several studies reported that the use of enzyme-assisted extraction techniques could improve the detection of antioxidant compounds in samples of by-products. In this study, SCG was extracted using enzymeassisted techniques for different periods (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mins). The total
antioxidant capacity was measured using Peroxidase, Catalase, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Superoxide radical scavenging assay (SRSA) and 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. 60 mins extraction was found to exhibit antioxidant activity in DPPH, SRSA, Catalase and Peroxidase of 84.18±7.01%, 32.83±6.75%, 76.65±5.52% and 75.01±7.67%, respectively. Besides that, the extraction also gave a high amount of content with 267.17±26.69 mg TAE/mL and 58.30±2.36 mg QE/g in total phenolic content and total flavonoid content respectively. Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, p-Coumaric acid and myricetin were found to be present in SCG extract. A high amount of catechin was found in all periods of extraction, whereby 60 mins had the highest concentration of 1741.65 mg/L, while 40 mins had the lowest concentration which was 389.85 mg/L. In conclusion, 60 mins extraction using a pectinase-assisted method was the best extraction period. Additionally, the individual flavonoid catechin in SCG showed that it has potential as an antioxidant. Finally, there is a strong correlation between antioxidative activity and both phenolic and flavonoid content.

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Influence of pectinase–assisted extraction time on the antioxidant capacity of Spent Coffee Ground (SCG)

Water lily (Nymphaea antares) is one of the most valuable aquatic ornamental plants
which has bright potential in the floriculture industry. It may be useful as an urban
ecosystem and as a source of medicinal compounds. Due to its potential to become a new
value-added product in the food industry, water lily (N. antares) was investigated in this
study. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the nutritional content and
antioxidant activity in water lily leaves and petioles with different pH extraction buffers.
Water lily extract was obtained using three different pH extraction buffers, Tris buffer at
pH 6.8, pH 7.1 and pH 7.8. The heat capacity of the extract was analysed using
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and different functional groups were identified
using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal denaturation of the leaves
sample was detected at 81.84°C. The antioxidant enzymes activities including catalase
(CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
were determined in the leaves and petioles of water lily. In leaves, PPO activity was found
to be higher in samples with pH 7.1 of the extraction buffer while there were no
significant differences for activities of CAT, POX and SOD in all samples. In petioles,
PPO and POX activity were found to be higher in samples with pH 7.8 and 7.1 of
extraction buffer, respectively. Thus, the study found that a pH range of 7 to 9 extraction
buffers did not greatly affect most of the analysis performed.

Effect of pH extraction buffer on antioxidant enzymes activities in water lily’s
leaves and petioles

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is an erect evergreen shrub commonly known as Ashwagandha. It is widely used in Ayurvedic, and in the traditional pharmacopeia system of India. It is one of the major ingredients in many formulations prescribed for a variety of musculo-skeletal conditions including arthritis and rheumatism. In the present study, variations in the quality and quantity of proteins and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated biochemically and enzymatically from the static and suspension cultures of Withania somnifera L. The nodal segments provided the maximum callusing of 90.25±0.06% with (1mg/l) BAP and (2mg/l) Kn of 2, 4-D. The static and suspension cultures were taken for the analysis of total soluble protein, and screened for antioxidant enzyme activity [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)]. The protein content (1.2016 μg/μl) was found to be higher in static culture samples (0.870 μg/μl) than the protein obtained from the suspension culture. The antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD and GPX) was higher in the static culture samples (301.01± 0.42, 198.92 ± 0.29, 103.75 ± 0.11 nkat/mg of protein) than in the suspension culture. Specific activity staining of isoenzyme pattern exhibited three isoforms (CAT 1, CAT 2 and CAT 3) in the static culture samples but CAT 1 was absent in the samples extracted from the suspension cultures. In case of SOD, four bands (SOD 1, SOD 2, SOD 3 and SOD 4) were found in both samples whereas the intensity of GPX activity was found to be more in the static culture; however, both samples exhibited three isoforms (GPX 1, GPX 2 and GPX 3). Supplementation of the required nutrients along with phytohormones under in vitro conditions might be an enhancing factor to yield antioxidant enzymes in the static culture samples.

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Application of Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Biochemical Characterization in Static and Suspension Cultures of Withania somnifera L. towards Food Technology

Kanungo Satyajit

Papers

Application of Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Biochemical Characterization in Static and Suspension Cultures of Withania somnifera L. towards Food Technology