Etude de la coherence entre differentes sources (269 echantillons utilisees dans 119 etudes) concernant les evaluations des problemes affectifs et comportementaux d'enfants et d'adolescents âges de 1 1/2 a 19 ans

Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.

Summary and Future Directions On the basis of the aforementioned studies, the hopelessnesstheory appears promising However, further research is neededFor example, although powerful tests of the attributional diath-esis-stress component have been conducted, no one has exam-ined the cognitive diatheses of inferring negative consequencesor characteristics about the self or whether the cognitive stylediathesis-stress interaction predicts clinically significant de-pression Moreover, it is crucial to determine if this interactionpredicts the development of the hypothesized symptoms ofhopelessness depression More generally, an important short-coming of the prior work is that it has not focused on the symp-toms of hopelessness depression in particular and, instead, sim-ply has examined the symptoms of depression in general Fu-ture investigators need to test more fine-grained predictionsabout the hypothesized symptoms of hopelessness depressionThe issue of the stability of the cognitive diatheses has not beenresolved satisfactorily We have only begun, in a preliminaryway, to investigate the issues of specific vulnerability and media-tional processes Finally, further tests of the predictions aboutcourse, cure, and prevention are needed We eagerly await thisresearchDifficult methodological issues may arise in the search forhopelessness depression, however For example, the hopeless-ness theory is silent about the time lag between formation ofhopelessness and onset of the symptoms of hopelessness depres-sion If it is very short, then a major challenge will be to developmethods with sufficient temporal resolving power to determineif hopelessness indeed precedes the occurrence of the hypothe-sized symptoms of hopelessness depression (see Alloy, Hartlage,et al, 1988, for proposed methods for testing the hopelessnesstheory) The results of work to test the hopelessness theory willdetermine if the concept of hopelessness depression needs tobe revised For example, perhaps the statement of the causalpathway is correc t bu culminate n a differen se f symp-toms than those currently hypothesized to compose hopeless-ness depression In this case, the symptom—but not thecause—component of the hopelessness theory would need to bemodifiedIn discussing how to search for hopelessness depression, wenote the possibility that future work may not corroborate theexistence of hopelessness depression as a bona fide subtype withcharacteristic cause, symptoms, course, treatment, and preven-tion Instead, the etiological chain featured in the hopelessnesstheory may be one of many pathways to a final common out-come of depression In this case, it would be more compellingto speak of a hopelessness cause, as opposed to a hopelessnesssubtype, of depression

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/96/2/358.pdf

Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.

Objective To qualitatively review the literature of the past decade covering the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, natural course, biology, and other correlates of early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymic disorder (DD). Method A computerized search for articles published during the past 10 years was made and selected studies are presented. Results Early-onset MDD and DD are frequent, recurrent, and familial disorders that tend to continue into adulthood, and they are frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders. These disorders are usually associated with poor psychosocial and academic outcome and increased risk for substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and suicide. In addition, DD increases the risk for MDD. There is a secular increase in the prevalence of MDD, and it appears that MDD is occurring at an earlier age in successive cohorts. Several genetic, familial, demographic, psychosocial, cognitive, and biological correlates of onset and course of early-onset depression have been identified. Few studies, however, have examined the combined effects of these correlates. Conclusions Considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of early-onset depression. Nevertheless, further research is needed in understanding the pathogenesis of childhood mood disorders. Toward this end, studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms and interrelationships among the different domains of risk factors are needed.

Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I.

Objective To replicate and extend work on the psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), a child and parent self-report instrument used to screen for children with anxiety disorders. Method The 41-item version of the SCARED was administered to a new sample of 190 outpatient children and adolescents and 166 parents. The internal consistency, discriminant, and convergent validity were assessed. In addition, using discriminant function analysis, a briefer version of the SCARED was developed. Results Using item analyses and factor analyses on the 41-item version, 5 factors were obtained: panic/somatic, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social phobia, and school phobia. In general, the total score and each of the 5 factors for both the child and parent SCARED demonstrated good internal consistency and discriminant validity (both between anxiety and depressive and disruptive disorders and within anxiety disorders). A reduced version of the SCARED yielded 5 items and showed similar psychometrics to the full SCARED. Conclusions In a new sample, the authors replicated their initial psychometric findings that the SCARED is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for childhood anxiety disorders in clinical settings. Furthermore, pending future research, the 5-item SCARED appears to be a promising brief screening inventory for anxiety disorders in epidemiological studies.

Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study.

In this study a psychosocial treatment for 47 Ss (aged 9-13 years) with anxiety disorders was investigated. A 16-session cognitive-behavioral treatment was compared with a wait-list condition. Outcome was evaluated using child self-report, parent report, teacher report, cognitive assessment, and behavioral observations. Pretreatment-posttreatment changes and maintenance of gains at 1-year follow-up were examined. Results revealed that many treated Ss were found to be without a diagnosis at posttest and at follow-up and to be within normal limits on many measures. The child's perception of the therapeutic relationship and the therapist's perception of parental involvement were measured but were not related to outcome. Discussion focuses on characteristics of effective child therapy and the need for further research on treatment components and alternative treatment methods.

Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial.

The present investigation evaluated hopelessness, depression, and suicidal intent among children (8 to 13 years old) hospitalized on a psychiatric intensive care service. A hopelessness scale, modeled after the adult version, was developed and administered to 66 children along with measures of depression (Children's Depression Inventory, Bellevue Index of Depression, Depression Symptom Checklist) and self-esteem (Self-Esteem Inventory). As predicted, children who scored high on the hopelessness scale showed significantly more severe depression and lower self-esteem than children who scored low on the scale. Children who evinced suicidal attempt or ideation, independently assessed at intake diagnosis, showed greater hopelessness than children who did not evince intent. Suicidal intent was more consistently correlated with hopelessness than with depression, a finding parallel to results obtained with adults. Overall, the present findings suggest that negative expectations toward oneself and the future can be assessed in children and are related both to depression and suicidal intent.

Hopelessness, Depression, and Suicidal Intent Among Psychiatrically Disturbed Inpatient Children

Problem-solving skills training and relationship therapy in the treatment of antisocial child behavior.

The present investigation evaluated the correspondence of child and parental reports of the children's depression. One-hundred-four children (ages 5–13) hospitalized on a psychiatric intensive care service, 101 mothers, and 47 fathers independently completed several measures to assess severity and duration of the children's depression. To validate the depression instruments, measures of hopelessness and self-esteem (completed by the children) and somatic complaints and internalizing (completed by the parents) were also included. The results indicated that different measures of depression completed by the same rater (child, mother, or father) were highly intercorrelated. However, there was little or no relationship between mother-child and father-child reports of the children's depression for the same or different measures of depression. Children's ratings of depression were positively correlated with hopelessness and parent ratings of somatic complaints and negatively correlated with self-esteem. Children independently diagnosed as depressed (DSM-III) were higher in severity of depression than nondepressed children on child and parent completed measures. The implications of the present results for further evaluation of child self-report and factors that may contribute to correspondence with parental report are highlighted.

Assessment of childhood depression: correspondence of child and parent ratings.

This investigation evaluated the combined effects of parent management training (PMT) and cognitive-behavioral problem-solving skills training (PSST) for the treatment of antisocial behavior. Psychiatric inpatient children (N = 40, ages 7 to 12) and their parents were assigned randomly to either PMT-PSST combined or to a contact-control condition. In the combined treatment, parents received PMT and the children received PSST. In the control condition, parents received contact meetings in which the child's treatment was discussed; children met with a therapist in individual sessions where they discussed activities on the ward. All children participated in a short-term hospital program before their return to the community. Children in the PMT-PSST condition showed significantly less aggression and externalizing behavior at home and at school and greater prosocial behavior and overall adjustment than contact-control children. These results were evident immediately after treatment and at a 1-year follow-up assessment.

Effects of Parent Management Training and Problem‐solving Skills Training Combined in the Treatment of Antisocial Child Behavior

This investigation examined the agreement between children and their parents on measures of depression and aggression. A total of 120 inpatient children (ages 7-13) and their mothers and fathers independently completed self-report and interview measures that focused on the children's dysfunction. Children and their parents differed in their ratings of each symptom area, with children providing significantly less severe ratings than their parents. Children who met DSM III criteria for major depression or conduct disorder were significantly higher in their ratings of depression and aggression than children without these diagnoses, as reflected in both child and parent ratings. Child and parent ratings correlated in the low to moderate range on measures of children's symptoms, whereas mother and father ratings correlated in the moderate to high range. The correspondence between children and parents did not vary as a function of symptom area (depression and aggression) or assessment format (self-report and interviews). The results suggest that children are able to rate the severity of their dysfunction, although they tend to provide lower-bound estimates than do their parents.

Karen Esveldt-Dawson

Papers

Hopelessness, Depression, and Suicidal Intent Among Psychiatrically Disturbed Inpatient Children

Problem-solving skills training and relationship therapy in the treatment of antisocial child behavior.

Assessment of childhood depression: correspondence of child and parent ratings.

Effects of Parent Management Training and Problem‐solving Skills Training Combined in the Treatment of Antisocial Child Behavior

Child and parent evaluations of depression and aggression in psychiatric inpatient children.