Combustion emissions account for over half of the fine particle (PM2.5) air pollution and most of the primary particulate organic matter. Human exposure to combustion emissions including the associated airborne fine particles and mutagenic and carcinogenic constituents (e.g., polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), nitro-PAC) have been studied in populations in Europe, America, Asia, and increasingly in third-world counties. Bioassay-directed fractionation studies of particulate organic air pollution have identified mutagenic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitrated PAH, nitro-lactones, and lower molecular weight compounds from cooking. A number of these components are significant sources of human exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals that may also cause oxidative and DNA damage that can lead to reproductive and cardiovascular effects. Chemical and physical tracers have been used to apportion outdoor and indoor and personal exposures to airborne particles between various combustion emissions and other sources. These sources include vehicles (e.g., diesel and gasoline vehicles), heating and power sources (e.g., including coal, oil, and biomass), indoor sources (e.g., cooking, heating, and tobacco smoke), as well as secondary organic aerosols and pollutants derived from long-range transport. Biomarkers of exposure, dose and susceptibility have been measured in populations exposed to air pollution combustion emissions. Biomarkers have included metabolic genotype, DNA adducts, PAH metabolites, and urinary mutagenic activity. A number of studies have shown a significant correlation of exposure to PM2.5 with these biomarkers. In addition, stratification by genotype increased this correlation. New multivariate receptor models, recently used to determine the sources of ambient particles, are now being explored in the analysis of human exposure and biomarker data. Human studies of both short- and long-term exposures to combustion emissions and ambient fine particulate air pollution have been associated with measures of genetic damage. Long-term epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of all causes of mortality, cardiopulmonary mortality, and lung cancer mortality associated with increasing exposures to air pollution. Adverse reproductive effects (e.g., risk for low birth weight) have also recently been reported in Eastern Europe and North America. Although there is substantial evidence that PAH or substituted PAH may be causative agents in cancer and reproductive effects, an

/pdf/air-pollution-combustion-emissions-characterization-of-3t7e9fo34y.pdf

Air pollution combustion emissions: characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects.

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated increased human morbidity and mortality with elevations in the concentration of ambient air particulate matter (PM). Fugitive fly ash from the combustion of oil and residual fuel oil significantly contributes to the ambient air particle burden. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is remarkable in the capacity to provoke injury in experimental systems. The unique composition of this emission source particle makes it particularly useful as a surrogate for ambient air PM in studies of biologic effects testing the hypothesis that metals mediate the biologic effects of air pollution particles. A majority of the in vitro and animal model investigations support the postulate that transition metals present in ROFA (especially vanadium) participate in Fenton-like chemical reactions to produce reactive oxygen species. This is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear factor kappa B and other transcription factor activation, induction of inflammatory mediator expression, and inflammatory lung injury. It is also evident that vanadium accounts for a significant portion of the biologic activity of ROFA. The extrapolation of this body of investigation on ROFA to the field of ambient air PM is difficult, as particles in numerous environments have such small amounts of vanadium.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3455237.pdf

Biologic effects of oil fly ash.

Metal and Sulfate Composition of Residual Oil Fly Ash Determines Airway Hyperreactivity and Lung Injury in Rats

https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.files/fileID/12915

Electrocardiographic changes during exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles in a rat model of myocardial infarction.

The Surface Charge of Visible Particulate Matter Predicts Biological Activation in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Studies were performed to compare the physical and chemical characteristics and the in vitro macrophage cytotoxicity of oil and coal fly ash. Sampling methodology was developed to collect size-fractionated particulate matter from the smokestack of either a coal-fired or an oil-fired power plant. Morphological studies demonstrated particle heterogeneity, although most coal fly ash particles appeared to be spherical. Oil fly ash contained two major morphologies; nonopaque amorphous particles and opaque amorphous particles. Elemental analysis indicates that the coal ash is predominantly composed of aluminosilicate particles, while the oil ash is predominantly inorganic sulfates and carbonaceous particles. In vitro macrophage assays demonstrate that the finest coal fly ash particles are the most cytotoxic; the cytotoxicity is significantly less than that of alpha-quartz, the positive control particle. In contrast, the oil fly ash particles are more cytotoxic than quartz. The cytotoxicity of oil fly ash is due to soluble components, possibly vanadium salts.

Physical and biological studies of coal and oil fly ash.

In vitro interactions between pulmonary macrophages and respirable particles.

Architect Julia Morgan (1872-1957) cultivated a professional style that enabled her
to exert authority in a male-dominated profession. This article focuses on three aspects
of that style: her costume, her relationship to the media, and her downtown San
Francisco offi ce. Rather than a shy woman who sought anonymity, Morgan was a
savvy professional with a strong gender consciousness who actively sought success and
shaped her own destiny. Her story provides insight into the history of women in the
professions and the gendered landscape of the Progressive Era city. Since Julia Morgan
left behind few words regarding her social views, professional intentions, or architectural
philosophy, this article is also an interdisciplinary exercise that investigates
the intersection of biography, material culture, gender, and the built environment.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229

Karen McNeill

Papers

Physical and biological studies of coal and oil fly ash.

In vitro interactions between pulmonary macrophages and respirable particles.

Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style