PART I INTRODUCTION 1. Making Sense of the Earth's Politics PART II GLOBAL LIMITS AND THEIR DENIAL 2. Looming Tragedy: Survivalism 3. Growth Forever: The Promethan Response PART III SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 4. Leave it to the Experts: Administrative Rationalism 5. Leave it to the People: Democratic Pragmatism 6. Leave it to the Market: Economic Rationalism PART IV THE QUEST FOR SUSTAINABILITY 7. Environmentally Benign Growth: Sustainable Development 8. Industrial Society and Beyond PART V GREEN RADICALISM 9. Save the World Through New Consciousness: Green Romanticism 10. Save the World Through New Politics PART VI CONCLUSION 11. Ecological Democracy

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The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses

Questions about norm diffusion in world politics are not simply about whether and how ideas matter, but also which and whose ideas matter. Constructivist scholarship on norms tends to focus on “hard” cases of moral transformation in which “good” global norms prevail over the “bad” local beliefs and practices. But many local beliefs are themselves part of a legitimate normative order, which conditions the acceptance of foreign norms. Going beyond an existential notion of congruence, this article proposes a dynamic explanation of norm diffusion that describes how local agents reconstruct foreign norms to ensure the norms fit with the agents' cognitive priors and identities. Congruence building thus becomes key to acceptance. Localization, not wholesale acceptance or rejection, settles most cases of normative contestation. Comparing the impact of two transnational norms on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), this article shows that the variation in the norms' acceptance, indicated by the changes they produced in the goals and institutional apparatuses of the regional group, could be explained by the differential ability of local agents to reconstruct the norms to ensure a better fit with prior local norms, and the potential of the localized norm to enhance the appeal of some of their prior beliefs and institutions.I thank Peter Katzenstein, Jack Snyder, Chris Reus-Smit, Brian Job, Paul Evans, Iain Johnston, David Capie, Helen Nesadurai, Jeffrey Checkel, Kwa Chong Guan, Khong Yuen Foong, Anthony Milner, John Hobson, Etel Solingen, Michael Barnett, Richard Price, Martha Finnemore, and Frank Schimmelfennig for their comments on various earlier drafts of the article. This article is a revised version of a draft prepared for the American Political Science Association annual convention, San Francisco, 29 August–2 September 2001. Seminars on the article were offered at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, in April 2001; the Modern Asia Seminar Series at Harvard University's Asia Center, in May 2001; the Department of International Relations, Australian National University, in September 2001; and the Institute of International Relations, University of British Columbia, in April 2002. I thank these institutions for their lively seminars offering invaluable feedback. I gratefully acknowledge valuable research assistance provided by Tan Ban Seng, Deborah Lee, and Karyn Wang at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies. I am also grateful to Harvard University Asia Centre and the Kennedy School's Asia Pacific Policy Program for fellowships to facilitate my research during 2000–2001.

http://www.rochelleterman.com/ir/sites/default/files/acharya%202004.pdf

How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism

This article assesses the contribution of discourse analysis to the study of environmental politics over the period of the past decade. Defining discourse as a particular linguistic regularity that can be found in conversations distinguishes it from ‘deliberation’ and ‘discussion’. Discourse analysis is seen as focused on situational logics studying ‘language-in-use’. Three strengths of discourse analysis are highlighted: its capacity to reveal the role of language in politics, its capacity to reveal the embeddedness of language in practices and its capacity to answer ‘how’ questions and to illuminate mechanisms. The article concludes by sketching some of the challenges lying ahead of discourse analysis. Given the changing nature of policy making, discourse analysts are supposed to have a task in identifying the new sites of politics and analysing the political dynamics therein.

A decade of discourse analysis of environmental politics: Achievements, challenges, perspectives

The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) is a framework of the policy process developed by Paul A. Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith to deal with "wicked" problems– those involving substantial goal conflicts, important technical disputes, and multiple actors from several levels of government. This chapter presents an abbreviated version of the 1999 edition of the ACF. It analyses key concepts and causal processes, particularly with respect to policy subsystems, the devil shift, and coalition membership. It deals with a summary of some of the limitations of the ACF and important questions for future research. The ACF assumes that policymaking in modern societies is so complex, both substantively and legally, that participants must specialize if they are to have any hope of being influential. This specialization occurs within policy subsystems composed of participants who regularly seek to influence policy within a policy subsystem, such as California water policy.

The advocacy coalition framework: Innovations and clarifications

Reconfiguring environmental governance: Towards a politics of scales and networks

How can scientific knowledge be translated into political change? Ozone Discourse examines the first global environment treaty, the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent revisions, which was a highly effective collaboration among scientists, policymakers and activists. The treaties were the work of a small group of experts who, without conventional political or economic resources, were able to persuade most of the world's nations to agree to reduce and then eliminate chlorofluorocarbons. These experts used their understanding of atmospheric science to supplement the policymakers' short-term perspective with a wider, intergenerational timeframe characteristic of global environmental problems. Litfin argues that the discipline of international relations requires a broader conception of power in order to accomodate the knowledge-based problems such as environmental degradation.

Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation

Over the last three decades, the number of international environmental agreements into which states have entered has proliferated enormously. In the 1970s it was commonly assumed that the cumulative impact of such agreements would be to undermine the institution of state sovereignty. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the trend toward international cooperation in the face of “the seamless web of nature” has resulted in something more subtle but perhaps equally profound: a shift in the practices and norms of sovereignty. This essay looks at the impact of international environmental problem solving on state sovereignty. As a prelude, it reviews recent literature from international relations theory that substantiates a more differentiated view of sovereignty, separating it into three components: authority, control, and legitimacy. With this more complex notion of sovereignty as a backdrop, the review argues that the proliferation of environmental agreements has in fact led to a complex web of “sovereignty bargains” through which states have increased their sovereignty vis-a-vis certain dimensions even as they have suffered losses of sovereignty vis-a-vis others. Although more research remains to be done, environmental cooperation appears to have indeed altered the nature and practice of sovereignty in the contemporary world.

Sovereignty in World Ecopolitics

With its emphasis on shared beliefs and the advocacy use of knowledge within policy subsystems, the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) is ideally suited to the study of environmental policy. Yet the ACF has generally been applied in a domestic context. This article argues that the twin phenomena of economic globalization and the internationalization of environmental affairs are blurring the distinction between some policy subsystems and the international arena. Thus, advocacy coalitions should be understood as operating increasingly along “the domestic-foreign frontier.” In the case of Canada's efforts to develop a coherent climate change policy, the boundaries between political levels have been blurred as local and provincial actors come to understand themselves as players in a global game. This dynamic is exacerbated by Canada's unique constitutional division of authority, which delegates significant autonomy to the provinces on natural resource and energy issues.

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Advocacy Coalitions Along the Domestic‐Foreign Frontier: Globalization and Canadian Climate Change Policy

The greening of sovereignty - an introduction. Part 1 Theoretical tensions: between sovereignty and environment - an exploration of the discourse of government, Thom Kuehls taking indigenous critiques seriously - the enemny "r" us, Franke Wilmer sovereignty and ecosystem management - clash of concepts and boundaries?, Veronica ward the nature of sovereignty and the sovereignty of nature - problematizing the boundaries between self, society, state and system, Ronnie D. Lipschutz. Part 2 Reconfiguring sovereignty - case studies: forms of discourse/norms of sovereignty - interests, science and morality in the regulation of whaling, Ronald B. Mitchell sovereignty reconfigured -environmental regimes and Third World states, Marian A.L. Miller satellites and sovereign knowledge - remote sensing of the global environment, Karen T. Liftin sovereignty, environment and subsidiary in the European Union, Joseph Henri Jupille. Part 3 Revisioning sovereignty: eco-cultural security and indigenous self-determination - moving toward a new conception of sovereignty, Sheldon Kamieniecki and Margaret Scully Granzeier reorienting state sovereignty - rights and responsibilities in the environmental age, Paul Wapner global village sovereignty -intergenerational sovereign publics, federal-republican earth constitutions and planetary identities, Daniel Deudney.

Karen T. Litfin

Papers

Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation

Sovereignty in World Ecopolitics

Advocacy Coalitions Along the Domestic‐Foreign Frontier: Globalization and Canadian Climate Change Policy

The greening of sovereignty in world politics

Framing Science: Precautionary Discourse and the Ozone Treaties: