Polymeric membranes incorporated with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

Design of TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled aromatic polyamide thin-film-composite (TFC) membrane as an approach to solve biofouling problem

Biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination: Phenomena and prevention

Hybrid organic/inorganic reverse osmosis (RO) membranes composed of aromatic polyamide thin films underneath titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanosized particles have been fabricated by a self-assembly process, aiming at breakthrough of biofouling problems. First, positively charged particles of the colloidal TiO2 were synthesized by a sol−gel process, and the diameter of the resulting particles in acidic aqueous solution was estimated to be ≈2 nm by analyzing the UV−visible absorption characteristics with a quantum mechanical model developed by Brus. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further confirmed the formation of the quantum-sized TiO2 particles (∼10 nm or less). The TiO2 particles appeared to exist in the crystallographic form of anatase as observed with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern in comparison with those of commercial 100% rutile and commercial 70:30% anatase-to-rutile mixture. The hybrid thin-film-composite (TFC) aromatic polyamide membranes were prepared by self-assembly of the TiO2 nanopar...

Hybrid organic/inorganic reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for bactericidal anti-fouling. 1. Preparation and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled aromatic polyamide thin-film-composite (TFC) membrane.

The impact of biofilms present in water distribution systems on the microbial quality of potable water is reported in this rev iew The issues covered include the composition of bioflims, factors governing their formation and the effect and significance of biofilms on the microbial quality of drinking water The review addresses the main factors governing the formation of biofilms such as the types of disinfectants and residual concentrations, resistance of bacteria to disinfectants, the influence of piping mat erial and the effect of temperature Methods for the enumeration of bacteria in biofilms as well as emerging technologies for in situ monitoring of biofilms are discussed Suggested control measures for managing and controlling the problem of biofilm formation in potable water distribution systems to ensure potable water of an acceptable microbiological quality are dealt with

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Kari Ormerod

Papers

The influence of disinfection processes on biofilm formation in water distribution systems

Volatile organic compounds in natural biofilm in polyethylene pipes supplied with lake water and treated water from the distribution network.

Biofilm in water pipelines; a potential source for off-flavours in the drinking water.