Handbook of driving simulation for engineering, medicine and psychology

This study sought to evaluate the association between visual field defects in the central 24° field and motor vehicle collisions (MVC) among patients with glaucoma. A case-control study was conducted on glaucoma patients aged 55 and older being treated at three university-affiliated eye care practices. Cases were patients who sustained a police-reported motor vehicle collision (MVC); controls were those who did not experience a MVC. For each patient, an Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) score was calculated on automated visual fields collected with the 24-2 or 30-2 programs. Additionally, demographic, behavioral, driving and clinical characteristics were obtained via chart abstractions and a patient telephone survey. With respect to the better eye AGIS score (defined according to AGIS score), compared to patients with no visual field defect, those with severe defects (scores 12-20) had an increased risk of MVC (odds ratio [OR] 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9-10.4), although this association was not statistically significant (p=0.0576). Moderate (6-11) or minor field defects (1-5) in the better eye were not associated with the risk of crash involvement. For the worse eye, patients with moderate and severe field defects were at significantly increased risk of a MVC (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.4-9.4 and OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.6-12.4 respectively) compared to those with no defects. Minor field defects in the worse eye did not increase MVC risk (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.5-3.4). Glaucoma patients with moderate or severe visual field impairment in the central 24° radius field in the worse functioning eye are at increased risk for involvement in a vehicle crash.

https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/driving/article/28194/galley/136486/download/

Visual Field Defects and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Collisions among Patients with Glaucoma

PuRe: Robust pupil detection for real-time pervasive eye tracking

Real-time crash prediction is the key component of the Vehicle Collision Avoidance System (VCAS) and other driver assistance systems. The further improvements of predictability requires the systemic estimation of crash risks in the driver-vehicle-environment loop. Therefore, this study designed and validated a prediction method based on the supervised learning model with added behavioral and physiological features. The data samples were extracted from 130 drivers’ simulator driving, and included various features generated from synchronized recording of vehicle dynamics, distance metrics, driving behaviors, fixations and physiological measures. In order to identify the optimal configuration of proposed method, the Discriminant Analysis (DA) with different features and models (i.e. linear or quadratic) was tested to classify the crash samples and non-crash samples. The results demonstrated the significant improvements of accuracy and specificity with added visual and physiological features. The different models also showed significant effects on the characteristics of sensitivity and specificity. These results supported the effectiveness of crash prediction by quantifying drivers’ risky states as inputs. More importantly, such an approach also provides opportunities to integrate the driver state monitoring into other vehicle-mounted systems at the software level.

Crash prediction with behavioral and physiological features for advanced vehicle collision avoidance system

PurposeThe aim of this pilot study was to assess the driving performance and the visual search behavior, that is, eye and head movements, of patients with glaucoma in comparison to healthy-sighted subjects during a simulated driving test.MethodsDriving performance and gaze behavior of six gl

Driving with Glaucoma: Task Performance and Gaze Movements.

The perception of traffic hazards is crucial for timely driving reactions. In this study we examine if the perception of hazardous objects can be determined by means of combined eye-tracking recordings and stress-related indicators in drivers suffering from binocular visual field loss. An increased rate of traffic accidents has been reported for this group of patients, which may lead to driving prohibition. The sole recording of gaze movements may not be sufficient for reliable identification of traffic object perception. Even if a traffic hazard is fixated by the driver, inattention or the presence of higher visual deficits may lead to an inappropriate driving response. We examined how stress-related indicators, i.e., skin conductance and heart rate, can complement and improve the eye-tracking based analysis of object perception. In a driving simulator study, we assessed the driving performance and hazard perception ability of subjects with binocular visual field loss (eight with homonymous visual field defects and seven with advanced glaucoma) and 15 healthy-sighted control subjects. Seven out of 15 subjects with visual field defects failed the driving assessment, eight passed the test. One healthy-sighted subject failed the driving test. Drivers with visual field defects showed a significant increase in skin conductance in 93% of situations with adequate reaction to the approaching hazard (69% for heart rate changes. 92% and 81% for healthy drivers, respectively). Furthermore, we identified five out of 120 total situations where the drivers looked at the traffic hazard but failed to react (look-but-not-react). Four of these situations were associated with a change in skin conductance, which can be interpreted as a perceived hazard, but an inadequate behavioral driving response. In one situation, no change in skin conductance was observed (look-but-not-perceived). In eight situations, although drivers did not fixate the traffic hazard, adequate driving reaction was observed. Four of these situations were also associated with changes in skin conductance (perceived-without-look). However, 43% and 44% of all significant increases in skin conductance and heart rate, respectively, occurred without the presence of a traffic hazard. In summary, our findings suggest that the sole analysis of the driver’s eye movements does not reliably reveal whether a traffic hazard was perceived. Additional recordings of stress-related parameters, such as heart rate, and especially skin conductance, can confirm hazard perception and be used as a complementary method for the evaluation of exploratory eye movements and driving behavior.

Stress-indicators and exploratory gaze for the analysis of hazard perception in patients with visual field loss.

The device has an unlocking sensor that is formed as project control panel (B1 to B5) for unlocking a vehicle door (T1 to T5). The control panel is projected on a base surface outside of a vehicle (F) adjacent to a vehicle door that has to be unlocked. The control panel is formed such that during a contact it unlocks the vehicle door.

Device for locking and unlocking unit of electronic conditional access system secured vehicle door for vehicle, has unlocking sensor that is formed as project control panel for unlocking vehicle door

The device has a releasing device designed as a manually operatable switch and/or push button for activating a control device. The control device is designed such that the control device controls parameters e.g. closing windows and sun roof, in such a manner that work-promoting short sleep is favored. A wake-up facility is designed such that the facility wakes a person e.g. driver and/or passenger, enjoying the short sleep after a pre-determined time or after 30 minutes. The facility activates a massage function in a motor vehicle seat and disperses a scent in a passenger compartment. An independent claim is also included for a method for enabling a work-promoting short sleep in a motor vehicle.

Work-promoting short sleep enabling device for motor vehicle, has control device designed such that device controls parameters, and wake-up facility designed such that facility wakes person enjoying short sleep after pre-determined time

Katja Nagel

Papers

Driving with Glaucoma: Task Performance and Gaze Movements.

Stress-indicators and exploratory gaze for the analysis of hazard perception in patients with visual field loss.

Device for locking and unlocking unit of electronic conditional access system secured vehicle door for vehicle, has unlocking sensor that is formed as project control panel for unlocking vehicle door

Work-promoting short sleep enabling device for motor vehicle, has control device designed such that device controls parameters, and wake-up facility designed such that facility wakes person enjoying short sleep after pre-determined time

Comfort Evaluation as Ergonomic Tool with Application to Interior Concepts of Vehicles