This review presents an update on the current knowledge of the secondary metabolite potential of the major fungal species used in industrial biotechnology, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. These species have a long history of safe use for enzyme production. Like most microorganisms that exist in a challenging environment in nature, these fungi can produce a large variety and number of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds present several properties that make them attractive for different industrial and medical applications. A description of all known secondary metabolites produced by these species is presented here. Mycotoxins are a very limited group of secondary metabolites that can be produced by fungi and that pose health hazards in humans and other vertebrates when ingested in small amounts. Some mycotoxins are species-specific. Here, we present scientific basis for (1) the definition of mycotoxins including an update on their toxicity and (2) the clarity on misclassification of species and their mycotoxin potential reported in literature, e.g., A. oryzae has been wrongly reported as an aflatoxin producer, due to misclassification of Aspergillus flavus strains. It is therefore of paramount importance to accurately describe the mycotoxins that can potentially be produced by a fungal species that is to be used as a production organism and to ensure that production strains are not capable of producing mycotoxins during enzyme production. This review is intended as a reference paper for authorities, companies, and researchers dealing with secondary metabolite assessment, risk evaluation for food or feed enzyme production, or considerations on the use of these species as production hosts.

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Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus oryzae , and Trichoderma reesei

Compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R?1, R2, R3? and n are defined as in the specification, intermediates in the synthesis of such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of neurological and psychological disorders are claimed.

Aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemical and biological aspects of Narcissus alkaloids. Numerous alkaloids have been isolated from Narcissus speciesasaresult of the continuing search for novel alkaloids with pharmacological activity in the Amaryllidaceae family. The alkaloids isolated from this genus, classified in relation to the different skeleton types. The different Narcissus wild species and intersectional hybrids, grouped into subgenera and sections, with their corresponding alkaloids, arranged according to their ring system are listed. The biosynthetic pathways of Narcissus alkaloids includes: (1) enzymatic preparation of the precursors, (2) primary cyclization mechanisms, (3) enzymatic preparation of intermediates, (4) secondary cyclization, diversification, and restructuring. The chapter discusses proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) for Narcissus alkaloids. A list of the different Narcissus alkaloids, their spectroscopic properties, and literature with the most recent spectroscopic data is given. Several Narcissus extracts shows the following activities: antiviral, prophage induction, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, antitumor, antimitotic, antiplatelet, hypotensive, emetic, acetylcholine esterase inhibitory, antifertility, antinociceptive, chronotropic, pheromone, plant growth inhibitor, and allelopathic.

Chapter 3 Chemical and Biological Aspects of Narcissus Alkaloids

Synthesis of amino sugars via isoxazolines: DL- and D-lividosamine (2-amino-2,3-dideoxy-ribo-hexose) derivatives from 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolanes and nitroacetaldehyde acetals

(-)-Amarbellisine, a lycorine-type alkaloid from Amaryllis belladonna L. growing in Egypt.

Treatment of dihydrolycorine (I) with phosphoryl chloride under mild conditions yielded a chlorohydrin (V). Reduction of this hydrin with zinc in acetic acid followed by reduction with hydrogen and platinum oxide afforded (-)-α-lycorane (VII), the steric structure of which was considered, in view of the sequence of reactions used in this transformation, to be that of the ring-system of dihydrolycorine.

The Conversion of Dihydrolycorine to (-)-α-Lycorane

Mass spectrometry of some amaryllidaceae alkaloids.

NOVEL PROCESS FOR PREPARING AZIRIDINE DERIVATIVE WHICH COMPRISES REDUCING AN OXIME COMPOUND WITH A METALLIC HYDRIDE COMPLEX IN AN INERT SOLVENT.

Katsumi Kotera

Papers

The Conversion of Dihydrolycorine to (-)-α-Lycorane

Mass spectrometry of some amaryllidaceae alkaloids.

Process for preparing aziridine derivatives

Transformation of isoxazolines into aziridines by lithium aluminum hydride reduction

Occurrence of the alkaloids vittatine and haemanthamine in Lycoris radiata herb.