As a highly efficient mode of freight transport for global trade, international shipping is currently expected to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Various countermeasures and action plans have been proposed by stakeholders in the maritime community. This paper presents a comprehensive review to categorise the pathways and highlight the concepts, methodologies, characteristics, implementation barriers and future prospects of different abatement measures for carbon dioxide emissions in the maritime industry. In addition, the regulatory framework composed of rules and regulations, market-based measures and voluntary actions is reviewed and discussed. The literature reviewed is selective and critical considering papers from reputable journals and reports from leading institutions or organisations. It was found that most of the technological and operational measures were highly context-sensitive and no individual measure in isolation could achieve the objectives of low carbon or zero carbon shipping. Eco-friendly fuels and alternative power sources were found to be promising but their applications would significantly depend on ship types and ship routes, i.e., diversification and decentralization of ship power sources and marine fuel types are inevitable for future shipping. It was also shown that the economic considerations and legal framework are still the main challenges at present. This review has clarified the pathways to decarbonisation in the shipping industry and it is expected to be a useful resource for academic research and industrial practice.

A comprehensive review on countermeasures for CO2 emissions from ships

Analysis of the wake dynamics of a propeller operating before a rudder

The transient prediction of a pre-swirl stator pump-jet propulsor and a comparative study of hybrid RANS/LES simulations on the wake vortices

Analysis of propeller wake field and vortical structures using k−ω SST Method

A numerical analysis based on detached eddy simulations is conducted to investigate vortex instabilities in the wake of a preswirl pumpjet propulsor. Three models are established to separate the roles that the rotor, stator, and duct play in the vortex structure of the pumpjet propulsor. In this paper, only the vortex structure of the rotor is considered. The results show that the vortex system of the rotor is mainly composed of the tip vortices, a hub vortex, the trailing tip vortices, and the trailing root vortices. The trailing tip vortices are generated by the premature shedding of the tip vortices in the rotor model compared with a normal single propeller. The existence of trailing root vortices increases the stability of the hub vortex. Furthermore, a unique multi-inductance instability mode of the tip vortex, called the “overlap–forward” phenomenon, is found for low values of the advance coefficient J. It is found that the instability of the tip vortex depends not only on the spiral-to-spiral distance but also on the highest-efficiency point of the propeller. The instability inception point of the tip vortex moves farther downstream with increasing J, whereas when J is greater than the highest-efficiency point of the propeller, the stable length of the tip vortices drops sharply. The energy transfer process from blade harmonics to shaft harmonics of the tip vortices depends on J and is related to the spatial evolution of the tip vortices.

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Numerical simulation of vortex instabilities in the wake of a preswirl pumpjet propulsor

A comparative DES study of wake vortex evolution for ducted and non-ducted propellers

Influence of interceptors, stern flaps, and their combinations on the hydrodynamic performance of a deep-vee ship

Analysis of waterjet-hull interaction and its impact on the propulsion performance of a four-waterjet-propelled ship

SPIV measurements and URANS simulations on the inlet velocity distribution for a waterjet-propelled ship with stabiliser fins

The hydrodynamic performance of a ship with and without a stern flap was comprehensively investigated based on model tests and model- and full-scale simulations. The stern flap led to an increase i...

Ke-wei Song

Papers

A comparative DES study of wake vortex evolution for ducted and non-ducted propellers

Influence of interceptors, stern flaps, and their combinations on the hydrodynamic performance of a deep-vee ship

Analysis of waterjet-hull interaction and its impact on the propulsion performance of a four-waterjet-propelled ship

SPIV measurements and URANS simulations on the inlet velocity distribution for a waterjet-propelled ship with stabiliser fins

Experimental and numerical study on the scale effect of stern flap on ship resistance and flow field