The whole theory of learning and intelligence is in confusion. We know at present nothing of the organic basis of these functions and little enough of either the variety or uniformities of their expression in behavior. The concepts are so poorly defined that it has not been possible even to imagine a program of physiological research which seemed likely to reveal more than superficial relationships. 1

Investigation of the validity of Halstead's measures of biological intelligence.

The intent of the present paper is to provide a manual for the Memoryfor-Designs Test (MFD), which ;he authors first described in 1946 and 1948 (Graham & Kendall, 1946a; Kendall & Graham, 1948). These early articles reported data on standardization and validity of the test. Detailed instructions for administration and scoring were also made available privately (Graham & KendaU, 1946b). Because the test has continued to be used as a clinical and research tool, it appears desirable to consolidate the material previously published and to make available the results of additional experience with it.' The MFD involves the presentation of simple geometric designs and the reproduction of these designs from immediate memory. At the time of the original work with the MFD, it had long been thought that inability to perform such a task was associated with \"organic\" impairment (Foster, 1920). There was, however, no adequate test of this assumption. The MFD was developed to provide an instrument of sufficient reliability to use in research

Memory-for-Designs Test: Revised General Manual

Administered a modified Stroop Color-Word Test to 80 healthy males aged 21-90 years as part of a study of neuropsychological functioning. No age differences were demonstrated on simple reading tasks; however, significant age effects were observed for the color naming and interference tasks (ps less than .001). Ss in the oldest age groups (61-70 and 71-90 years) performed more slowly than younger individuals on both of these. Of a variety of tests administered, performance on the Stroop Test was most affected by age. Because impairment on Stroop color naming and interference tests appears to be a concomitant of normal aging, caution should be exercised when one is interpreting Stroop test results from older patients with suspected cerebral dysfunction.

Age‐related decrements in stroop color test performance

Clinical memory testing: A review.

When stereotypes affect judgment about individuals in the presence of individuating information, they may do so by affecting the construal of that information. Therefore stereotypes may affect judgment even if perceivers subsequently neglect the stereotypes or base rates and base their impressions only on these stereotype-driven construals of the individuating information. Two experiments showed that stereotypes affected judgments about targets in the presence of the same ambiguous individuating information that was open to multiple construals, but not in the presence of the same specific disambiguated construals of that information. A third experiment showed that the effects of stereotypes on target ratings in the presence of ambiguous individuating information were mediated by the construals of this information. Thus all subjects relied predominantly on the individuating information, but when it was ambiguous, it was construed differently, depending on the stereotype.

Kendall Bs

Papers

Performance of brain-damaged cases on a memory-for-designs test.