Meanwhile, the authors' antidote to the American sicknessa quest for democratic community that draws on our diverse civic and religious traditionshas contributed to a vigorous scholarly and popular debate. Attention has been focused on forms of social organization, be it civil society, democratic communitarianism, or associative democracy, that can humanize the market and the administrative state. In their new Introduction the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future. With this new edition one of the most influential books of recent times takes on a new immediacy.\

Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life

This paper develops a resource model of political participation. The resources considered are time, money, and civic skills—those communications and organizational capacities that are essential to political activity. These skills are not only acquired early in life but developed in the nonpolitical institutional settings of adult life: the workplace, organizations, and churches and synagogues. These resources are distributed differentially among groups defined by socioeconomic status. A two-stage least squares analysis shows these resources have powerful effects on overall political activity, thus explaining why socioeconomic status has traditionally been so powerful in predicting participation. We disaggregate overall activity into three kinds of acts: those that involve giving time, those that entail donating money, and voting. Each requires a different configuration of resources resulting in different patterns of stratification across various political acts.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/CE74BA78807755F0A09E589D631EB03E/S0003055400096301a.pdf/div-class-title-beyond-ses-a-resource-model-of-political-participation-div.pdf

Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation

Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work

The sources of social power

The Political Consciousness of Post-Industrialism@@@The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics.

Peter Berger (1929) is an American sociologist best known for his collaboration with Thomas Luckman in writing The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. That book argues that human reality, and knowledge of it, is a social construct, emerging from the individual or group’s interaction with larger social structures (institutions). Social structures, once widely adopted, lose their history as social constructions (objectivation), and come over time, by the people who live within them, to be deemed natural realities independent of human construction (reification). Berger predicted, in his later book, The Sacred Canopy, near-term all-encompassing secularization of religion, which prediction has proved false, especially in the third world (as Berger himself has acknowledged in his later work, Desecularization).

神圣的帷幕 : 宗教社会学理论之要素 = The sacred canopy elements of a sociological theory of religion

List of Figures and Tables Preface 1. A Secular Society? The Puzzle of Religious Vitality The Persistence of Religion Stability or Change? Possible Explanations Why the United States? 2. Religion in the American Context Understanding Religion Patterns of Religious Affiliation Basic Political Tendencies Conclusion 3. Religion and American Political Culture The Puritan Imprint on Colonial Thought Covenant Theology and the Right to Revolt Puritanism and Democracy: A Qualification "Total Depravity" and Institutional Restraint One Nation under God: A Civil Religion Civil Religion as a Double-Edged Sword One of Many Influences 4. Religion and the State The Genesis of Church-State Conflict Overview of Church-State Relations How Far Can Government Go? The Judicial Record The Separationist Era (1940s-1970s) The Accomodationist Era The Politics of Church-State Relations The Constitutional Revolution in Perspective The Cutting Edge 5. Mobilizing Religious Interests Studying Religious Interests Establishing Motive Establishing Means Conclusion 6. Religion and Political Action Religious Cultural Environment Institutional Contexts Partisan Political Alignments Influential Allies Policy Domain Conclusion 7. Religion and Public Opinion Economic Liberalism Moral-Cultural Issues Social Justice Foreign Policy What Culture War? 8. The Political Mobilization of Evangelical Protestants The Political Background Roots of the "New Christian Right" Building a National Movement Evangelical Political Action Organizational Transformation: The Second Generation Theories of Evangelical Mobilization The Impact of the Christian Right The Consequences for Public Policy Good Times? The Christian Right and the Bush Administration Assessing the Christian Right Strategic Realities Conclusion 9. Continuity and Change in the Religious Center Catholicism: Conflicting Political Impulses The Conservative Political Heritage The Transformation of Catholic Attitudes Abortion: The Catholic Response Is Abortion a Catholic Issue? The Political Traditions of Mainline Protestants Mainline Activism: Sources and Reactions American Jews 10. Religion and the Politics of Ethnic and Religious Minorities African American Protestants Latino Catholics and Protestants Muslim Americans Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Other Faith Traditions Conclusion 11. The Other Minorities Women, Religion, and Politics Homosexuals Religion and Homosexuality Conclusion 12. Religion and American Political Life The Case against Religious Influence in Politics Assessing the Evidence The Case for Religion in Politics Religion in Public Conversation Notes References Index About the Authors

Religion and politics in the United States

Most studies of contextual influences on political attitudes and behavior have treated geographical areas as the operative social environment. As early research on social influence processes noted, the conditions that promote consensus among inhabitants of a common environment are likely to be present in formal organizations that encourage face-to-face interaction. Churches possess many of the characteristics that should maximize behavioral contagion and are thus fertile ground for the dissemination of common political outlooks. This expectation is tested by assessing the link between theological and political conservatism in 21 Protestant congregations. The theological climate in the churches is found to contribute strongly to the members' political conservatism over and above the personal commitment of respondents to traditional Christian values and a variety of social and attitudinal variables. As churches constitute the single most widespread form of voluntary organizational affiliation in the United States, their potential political impact appears to be considerable.

Churches-as political communities

Theory: The adoption of local gay rights ordinances and policies is approached from two broad theoretical frameworks-the urbanism/diversity approach and alternative perspectives rooted in social movement theory. Hypotheses: The adoption of gay rights ordinances/policies is a function of: (1) the level of urbanization and social diversity; (2) the social and political resources of the gay and lesbian population; (3) the political opportunity structure in the community; and (4) the balance between traditionalist and liberal religious groups. Method: Multivariate logistic regression analysis is used on a data set comprising 126 cities and counties with gay rights ordinances/policies and 125 localities chosen at random. Results: Consistent with urbanism theory, population size is the single largest factor differentiating the two types of communities. In addition to urbanism, the prospects for including sexual orientation as a protected category are influenced by the extent of political and organizational mobilization among the gay and lesbian community, the political opportunity structure in the locality, and the presence of morallytraditional religious groups. These findings reinforce the value of incorporating cultural themes and social movement theory in the study of policy outcomes.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2111746.pdf

The Politics of Gay Rights in American Communities: Explaining Antidiscrimination Ordinances and Policies

Figures and Tables ix Preface xi PART I: Cultural Theory and Recent American Politics Chapter One Anomalies of Post-New Deal Politics 3 Chapter Two The Political Mobilization of Cultural Differences 13 Chapter Three General Components of Cultural Theory in Political Conflict 39 Chapter Four Election Rituals, Ideological Movements, and Group Politics 56 Chapter Five Psychological Mechanisms and Campaign Strategies 83 PART II: Case Studies of the Political Mobilization of Cultural Differences Chapter Six Cultural Strains in the New Deal Coalition 101 Chapter Seven A Methodology for Assessing Cultural Politics 130 Chapter Eight Keeping America Purposeful, Powerful, and Pure 158 Chapter Nine Race and the Transformation of the Contemporary Party System 179 Chapter Ten Gender, Religion, and the Second Party Transformation 203 Chapter Eleven Cultural Politics: Some Conclusions and Practical Implications 252 References 271 Index 283

The Politics of Cultural Differences: Social Change and Voter Mobilization Strategies in the Post-New Deal Period

The political cohesiveness of religious groups varies widely. Some churches develop an almost complete identity with a political party or tendency while others exhibit a high degree of political pluralism. This paper explores some of the mechanisms that might account for the variability in political solidarity from one church to the next. On the basis of data from a survey of Protestant congregations, we find that cohesiveness around the norm of moral conservatism is associated with the same distinctive syndrome of traits that Dean Kelley has linked to church growth and vitality. "Strong" churches, defined by a combination of theology, social practices, and demographic characteristics, apparently possess the necessary resources to promote attitudinal conformity on some political issues.

Kenneth D. Wald

Papers

Religion and politics in the United States

Churches-as political communities

The Politics of Gay Rights in American Communities: Explaining Antidiscrimination Ordinances and Policies

The Politics of Cultural Differences: Social Change and Voter Mobilization Strategies in the Post-New Deal Period

Political Cohesion in Churches