Impression management, the process by which people control the impressions others form of them, plays an important role in interpersonal behavior. This article presents a 2-component model within which the literature regarding impression management is reviewed. This model conceptualizes impression management as being composed of 2 discrete processes. The 1st involves impression motivation ― the degree to which people are motivated to control how others see them. The 2nd component involves impression construction. The 2-component model provides coherence to the literature in the area, address controversial issues, and supplies a framework for future research regarding impression management

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Impression management: A literature review and two-component model.

It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily be misunderstood. The consequences to patients hospitalized in such an environment-the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self-labeling-seem undoubtedly countertherapeutic. I do not, even now, understand this problem well enough to perceive solutions. But two matters seem to have some promise. The first concerns the proliferation of community mental health facilities, of crisis intervention centers, of the human potential movement, and of behavior therapies that, for all of their own problems, tend to avoid psychiatric labels, to focus on specific problems and behaviors, and to retain the individual in a relatively non-pejorative environment. Clearly, to the extent that we refrain from sending the distressed to insane places, our impressions of them are less likely to be distorted. (The risk of distorted perceptions, it seems to me, is always present, since we are much more sensitive to an individual's behaviors and verbalizations than we are to the subtle contextual stimuli that often promote them. At issue here is a matter of magnitude. And, as I have shown, the magnitude of distortion is exceedingly high in the extreme context that is a psychiatric hospital.) The second matter that might prove promising speaks to the need to increase the sensitivity of mental health workers and researchers to the Catch 22 position of psychiatric patients. Simply reading materials in this area will be of help to some such workers and researchers. For others, directly experiencing the impact of psychiatric hospitalization will be of enormous use. Clearly, further research into the social psychology of such total institutions will both facilitate treatment and deepen understanding. I and the other pseudopatients in the psychiatric setting had distinctly negative reactions. We do not pretend to describe the subjective experiences of true patients. Theirs may be different from ours, particularly with the passage of time and the necessary process of adaptation to one's environment. But we can and do speak to the relatively more objective indices of treatment within the hospital. It could be a mistake, and a very unfortunate one, to consider that what happened to us derived from malice or stupidity on the part of the staff. Quite the contrary, our overwhelming impression of them was of people who really cared, who were committed and who were uncommonly intelligent. Where they failed, as they sometimes did painfully, it would be more accurate to attribute those failures to the environment in which they, too, found themselves than to personal callousness. Their perceptions and behavior were controlled by the situation, rather than being motivated by a malicious disposition. In a more benign environment, one that was less attached to global diagnosis, their behaviors and judgments might have been more benign and effective.

https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2384&context=lawreview

On Being Sane in Insane Places

The literature on multiple roles and identities tends either to ignore strategies of role-system organization altogether or to assume that all people organize a salience hierarchy, through which they assign more importance to some roles and selves than to others. Drawing on our reading of William James and George Herbert Mead, we argue that the way people organize their roles and identities is an empirical issue, not an established fact, and that it is a live option for people to create a nonhierarchical pattern of self-organization. We offer findings from two studies of role balance. Using planned comparisons, we confirm hypotheses that people who maintain more balance across their entire systems of roles and activities will score lower on measures of role strain and depression and higher on measures of self-esteem, role ease, and other indicators of well-being. We end with some cautions and suggestions concerning the further exploration of role balance. Key Words: identity theory, multiple roles, role balance, role involvement, role strain, self-esteem. In the literature on multiple roles and selves, there are two distinct shortcomings. The first is insufficient attention to the systemic organization of roles and selves. The second is the assumption by those who do theorize about such systems that roles and selves are always hierarchically organized. We discuss each problem in turn and then offer a phenomenology of role-system organization that will obviate some difficulties signaled in our critique. We then present two empirical studies of role balance-a neglected type of rolesystem organization. ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT MULTIPLE ROLES AND SELVES Neglecting Goode's Legacy: The Atomistic Tendency In his seminal article, Goode (1960) claimed that role strain-any felt difficulty in carrying out a role-arises only when a person's total role system is overdemanding. Role strain is not, therefore, role-specific in its origin; it is a product of the individual's myriad interests and his or her navigation through the entire system of typical activities. Despite this holistic, systemic animus of the theory, much of the literature since then has reverted to an atomistic framework. Each role is seen as a thing in itself, separable from its embeddedness in an organized system of roles. (See O'Neil & Greenberger, 1994, and the accompanying critique by Marks, 1994.) To be sure, research after Goode has provided an important corrective to his cynical statement that role strain is "normal"; we are cheered by findings suggesting that multiple roles may be good for one's health (Verbrugge, 1986) and for one's psychological wellbeing (Baruch & Barnett, 1986). Similarly, there has been useful research on the quality of certain roles (for example, Barnett, 1994) and on the enhancing effects of certain role combinations on well-being (for example, Barnett, Marshall, & Pleck, 1992; Menaghan, 1989). Role-specific experience-role quality-does make a difference within a given role and within each of several roles in combination. But Goode explicitly adopted a holistic rather than an atomistic level of analysis, calling our attention to the way our roles function as a single pattern or system. That is, the pattern of organization itself may generate important consequences. A psychological counterpart of atomistic role theories is seen in some work on multiple selves. For Linville (1987), people with many selfaspects are buffered against stress from negative events because they have the option of refocusing on whichever selves have remained unaffected by any particular event. While Linville sees selfaspects to be systemically embedded in a "larger associative network" (p. 664), she lays so much emphasis on the distinctness of each self-aspect that she verges on the atomistic tendency just noted. Similarly, Markus and Nurius (1986) point to a system of self-conceptions within the person, but they offer no analysis of how the organization of this overall system may make a difference. …

Multiple Roles and the Self: A Theory of Role Balance.

Experimental practices in economics: A methodological challenge for psychologists?-Open Peer Commentary-Theory-testing experiments in the economics laboratory

An essential companion for students across the social and health sciences, this text provides a wide-ranging coverage of qualitative methods complemented by extended illustration from the array of academic disciplines in which qualitative research is found and employed.


Written in a lively and reader-friendly style, the guide covers a comprehensive range of topics, including:


- a concise definition of the method

- a description of distinctive features

- examples to convey the flavour of a technique or principle

- a critical and reflective evaluation of the method or approach under consideration

- cross references to associated concepts within the dictionary

- a list of key readings

Keywords in Qualitative Methods

Experimental social psychology: Some sober questions about some frivolous values

Interestingly, methods of madness the mental hospital as a last resort that you really wait for now is coming. It's significant to wait for the representative and beneficial books to read. Every book that is provided in better way and utterance will be expected by many peoples. Even you are a good reader or not, feeling to read this book will always appear when you find it. But, when you feel hard to find it as yours, what to do? Borrow to your friends and don't know when to give back it to her or him.

Methods of Madness: The Mental Hospital As a Last Resort

The Omega Project: Near-Death Experiences, Ufo Encounters, and Mind at Large

Article reporting the results of an investigation into near-death and out-of-body experiences in 31 blind respondents. The study sought to address three main questions: (1) whether blind individuals have near-death experiences (NDEs) and, if so, whether they are the same as or different from those of sighted persons; (2) whether blind persons ever claim to see during NDEs and out-of-body experiences (OBEs); and (3) if such claims are made, whether they can ever be corroborated by reference to independent evidence.

/pdf/near-death-and-out-of-body-experiences-in-the-blind-a-study-uwiemu9zrf.pdf

Kenneth Ring

Papers

Experimental social psychology: Some sober questions about some frivolous values

Methods of Madness: The Mental Hospital As a Last Resort

The Omega Project: Near-Death Experiences, Ufo Encounters, and Mind at Large

Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind: A Study of Apparent Eyeless Vision

Mindsight: Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind