https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

In order to stimulate further adaptation toward specific training goals, progressive resistance training (RT) protocols are necessary The optimal characteristics of strength-specific programs include the use of concentric (CON), eccentric (ECC), and isometric muscle actions and the performance of bilateral and unilateral single- and multiple-joint exercises In addition, it is recommended that strength programs sequence exercises to optimize the preservation of exercise intensity (large before small muscle group exercises, multiple-joint exercises before single-joint exercises, and higher-intensity before lower-intensity exercises) For novice (untrained individuals with no RT experience or who have not trained for several years) training, it is recommended that loads correspond to a repetition range of an 8-12 repetition maximum (RM) For intermediate (individuals with approximately 6 months of consistent RT experience) to advanced (individuals with years of RT experience) training, it is recommended that individuals use a wider loading range from 1 to 12 RM in a periodized fashion with eventual emphasis on heavy loading (1-6 RM) using 3- to 5-min rest periods between sets performed at a moderate contraction velocity (1-2 s CON; 1-2 s ECC) When training at a specific RM load, it is recommended that 2-10% increase in load be applied when the individual can perform the current workload for one to two repetitions over the desired number The recommendation for training frequency is 2-3 d·wk -1 for novice training, 3-4 d·wk -1 for intermediate training, and 4-5 d·wk -1 for advanced training Similar program designs are recommended for hypertrophy training with respect to exercise selection and frequency For loading, it is recommended that loads corresponding to 1-12 RM be used in periodized fashion with emphasis on the 6-12 RM zone using 1- to 2-min rest periods between sets at a moderate velocity Higher volume, multiple-set programs are recommended for maximizing hypertrophy Progression in power training entails two general loading strategies: 1) strength training and 2) use of light loads (0-60% of 1 RM for lower body exercises; 30-60% of 1 RM for upper body exercises) performed at a fast contraction velocity with 3-5 min of rest between sets for multiple sets per exercise (three to five sets) It is also recommended that emphasis be placed on multiple-joint exercises especially those involving the total body For local muscular endurance training, it is recommended that light to moderate loads (40-60% of 1 RM) be performed for high repetitions (>15) using short rest periods (<90 s) In the interpretation of this position stand as with prior ones, recommendations should be applied in context and should be contingent upon an individual's target goals, physical capacity, and training status

/pdf/progression-models-in-resistance-training-for-healthy-adults-1vkvqzcu18.pdf

Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults

There is broad consensus that good outcome measures are needed to distinguish interventions that are effective from those that are not. This task requires standardized, patient- centered measures that can be administered at a low cost. We developed a questionnaire to assess short- and long-term patient-relevant outcomes following knee injury, based on the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, a literature review, an expert panel, and a pilot study. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is self-administered and assesses five outcomes: pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, sport and recreation function, and knee-related quality of life. In this clinical study, the KOOS proved reliable, responsive to surgery and physical therapy, and valid for patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The KOOS meets basic criteria of outcome measures and can be used to evaluate the course of knee injury and treatment outcome.

https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.1998.28.2.88

Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)--development of a self-administered outcome measure

In order to stimulate further adaptation toward a specific training goal(s), progression in the type of resistance training protocol used is necessary. The optimal characteristics of strength-specific programs include the use of both concentric and eccentric muscle actions and the performance of both single- and multiple-joint exercises. It is also recommended that the strength program sequence exercises to optimize the quality of the exercise intensity (large before small muscle group exercises, multiple-joint exercises before single-joint exercises, and higher intensity before lower intensity exercises). For initial resistances, it is recommended that loads corresponding to 8-12 repetition maximum (RM) be used in novice training. For intermediate to advanced training, it is recommended that individuals use a wider loading range, from 1-12 RM in a periodized fashion, with eventual emphasis on heavy loading (1-6 RM) using at least 3-min rest periods between sets performed at a moderate contraction velocity (1-2 s concentric, 1-2 s eccentric). When training at a specific RM load, it is recommended that 2-10% increase in load be applied when the individual can perform the current workload for one to two repetitions over the desired number. The recommendation for training frequency is 2-3 d x wk(-1) for novice and intermediate training and 4-5 d x wk(-1) for advanced training. Similar program designs are recommended for hypertrophy training with respect to exercise selection and frequency. For loading, it is recommended that loads corresponding to 1-12 RM be used in periodized fashion, with emphasis on the 6-12 RM zone using 1- to 2-min rest periods between sets at a moderate velocity. Higher volume, multiple-set programs are recommended for maximizing hypertrophy. Progression in power training entails two general loading strategies: 1) strength training, and 2) use of light loads (30-60% of 1 RM) performed at a fast contraction velocity with 2-3 min of rest between sets for multiple sets per exercise. It is also recommended that emphasis be placed on multiple-joint exercises, especially those involving the total body. For local muscular endurance training, it is recommended that light to moderate loads (40-60% of 1 RM) be performed for high repetitions (> 15) using short rest periods (< 90 s). In the interpretation of this position stand, as with prior ones, the recommendations should be viewed in context of the individual's target goals, physical capacity, and training status.

American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults

Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils.

We followed 292 patients who had sustained an acute traumatic hemarthrosis for a mean of 64 months. The KT-1000 arthrometer measurements within 90 days of injury revealed the injured knee was stable in 56 pa tients and unstable in 236. Forty-five unstable patients had an ACL reconstruction within 90 days of injury. Sur gical procedures performed >90 days after injury in cluded ligament reconstruction in 46 patients. Factors that correlated with patients who had late surgery for a meniscal tear or an ACL reconstruction (P < 0.05) were preinjury hours of sports participation, arthrometer mea surements, and patient age.Follow-up data are presented for the patients divided into four groups: I, early stable, no reconstruction; II, early unstable, no reconstruction; III, early recon struction; and IV, late reconstruction. No patient changed occupation because of the knee injury. Hours per year of sports participation and levels of sports par ticipation decreased in all groups. Joint arthrosis was documented by ...

Fate of the ACL-injured Patient A Prospective Outcome Study

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether an association exists between foot structure and the development of musculoskeletal overuse injuries. The study group was a well-defined cohort of 449 trainees at the Naval Special Warfare Training Center in Coronado, California. Before beginning training, measurements were made of ankle motion, subtalar motion, and the static (standing) and dynamic (walking) characteristics of the foot arch. The subjects were tracked prospectively for injuries throughout training. We identified risk factors that predispose people to lower extremity overuse injuries. These risk factors include dynamic pes planus, pes cavus, restricted ankle dorsiflexion, and increased hindfoot inversion, all of which are subject to intervention and possible correction.

The Effect of Foot Structure and Range of Motion on Musculoskeletal Overuse Injuries

Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the medial ligamentous stabilizers of the patella in restraining lateral displacement and to assess their relative contribution after individual repair. Seventeen fresh frozen human anatomic specimen knee joints were studied. The specimens were loaded onto a testing instrument that was designed to measure the compliance of the medial and lateral patellar restraints in the coronal plane. Two different cutting and repair sequences were used to test the individual contributions of the patellar ligaments. The medial patellofemoral ligament was found to be the major medial ligamentous stabilizer of the patella. Isolated release resulted in a 50% increase in lateral displacement, and isolated repair restored balance to the patella. In addition, the patellotibial and patellomeniscal ligament complex played an important secondary role in restraining lateral patellar displacement. Isolated repair of these ligaments restored balance to near normal levels. The medial patellofemoral retinaculum played only a minor role in patellofemoral instability. Proximal realignment or medial ligament repair for patellofemoral instability specifically should address repair of the deep layers that contain the restraints to lateral patellar displacement. Failure to include these structures in repair, especially of the medial patellofemoral ligament, may lead to persistent or recurrent instability.

Kenton R. Kaufman

Papers

Fate of the ACL-injured Patient A Prospective Outcome Study

The Effect of Foot Structure and Range of Motion on Musculoskeletal Overuse Injuries

Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Medial soft tissue restraints in lateral patellar instability and repair

Military training-related injuries: surveillance, research, and prevention