Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.

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Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

The generation of words in speech involves a number of processing stages. There is, first, a stage of conceptual preparation; this is followed by stages of lexical selection, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding and articulation. In addition, the speaker monitors the output and, if necessary, self-corrects. Major parts of the theory have been computer modelled. The paper concentrates on experimental reaction time evidence in support of the theory.

/pdf/a-theory-of-lexical-access-in-speech-production-56yj14t9eb.pdf

A theory of lexical access in speech production

人教版高中英语新课程教材中,语言运用（Using Language）是每个单元必不可少的部分,提供了围绕单元中心话题的听、说、读、写的综合性练习,是单元中心话题的延续和升华.如何设计Using Language部分的教学,使自己的教学模式既不落俗套,又能真正体现新课程标准所倡导的教学理念,正是广大一线英语教师一直努力探索的问题.

打磨Using Language,倡导新理念

In this study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the specificity of adaptation to real-time formant shifting. During the experiments, talkers were adapted to altered auditory feedback for one vowel (trained vowel) and received unaltered feedback for a different vowel (untrained vowel). In the first experiment, production of the untrained vowel was measured while the talker was in the process of adapting to the altered feedback for the trained vowel. In the second experiment, production of the untrained vowel was measured after talkers had adapted to the altered feedback for the trained vowel. In both experiments, talkers spontaneously modified production of the trained vowel in response to the altered auditory feedback. In the first experiment, talkers slightly altered production of the untrained vowel while the trained vowel was adapting to the altered feedback. In the second experiment, production of the untrained vowel was not altered after talkers had completely adapted to the altered feedback of the trained vowel. These results suggest that the degree of generalization depends on the conditions of adaptation and on the information available about the acoustic environment.

https://issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp2008-93.pdf

The Specificity of Adaptation to Real-Time Formant Shifting.

To maintain efficiency during conversation, interlocutors form and retrieve memory representations for the shared understanding or common ground that they have with their partner. Here, an online referential communication task (RCT) was used in two experiments to examine whether the strength and type of common ground between dyads influence their ability to form and recall referential labels for images. Results from both experiments show a significant association between the strength of common ground formed between dyads for images during the RCT and their verbatim-but not semantic-recall memory for image descriptions about a week later. Participants who generated the image descriptions during the RCT also showed superior verbatim and semantic recall memory performance. In Experiment 2, a group of friends with pre-existing personal common ground were significantly more efficient in their use of words to describe images during the RCT than a group of strangers without personal common ground. However, personal common ground did not lead to enhanced recall memory performance. Together, these findings provide evidence that individuals can remember some verbatim words and phrases from conversations, and partially support the theoretical notion that common ground and memory are intricately linked conversational processes. The null findings with regard to semantic recall memory suggest that the structured nature of the RCT may have constrained the types of memory representations that individuals formed during the interaction. Findings are discussed in relation to the multidimensional nature of common ground and the importance of developing more natural conversational tasks for future work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

/pdf/investigating-the-influence-of-local-and-personal-common-2pk39ekt.pdf

Kevin G. Munhall

Papers

The Specificity of Adaptation to Real-Time Formant Shifting.

Investigating the influence of local and personal common ground on memory for conversation using an online referential communication task.