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A model of destination image formation

Sociological studies sensitive to the issue of place are rarely labeled thus, and at the same time there are far too many of them to fit in this review. It may be a good thing that this research is seldom gathered up as a “sociology of place,” for that could ghettoize the subject as something of interest only to geographers, architects, or environmental historians. The point of this review is to indicate that sociologists have a stake in place no matter what they analyze, or how: The works cited below emplace inequality, difference, power, politics, interaction, community, social movements, deviance, crime, life course, science, identity, memory, history. After a prologue of definitions and methodological ruminations, I ask: How do places come to be the way they are, and how do places matter for social practices and historical change?

A Space for Place in Sociology

The unprecedented growth in the tourism industry during the last fifty years has created major challenges in tourism marketing. As more and more areas of the world are developed for tourism, the destination choices available to consumers continue to expand. Furthermore, today's consumers, facilitated by increased leisure time, rising levels of disposable income and more efficient transportation networks, have the means to choose from among this much larger variety of destinations. As a result, tourism marketers are now faced with influencing consumer decision making in an increasingly complex and competitive global marketplace.

The meaning and measurement of destination image.

Ecology and the aging process.

How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning

What does the city's form actually mean to the people who live there? What can the city planner do to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the city dweller? To answer these questions, Mr. Lynch, supported by studies of Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, formulates a new criterion -- imageability -- and shows its potential value as a guide for the building and rebuilding of cities. The wide scope of this study leads to an original and vital method for the evaluation of city form. The architect, the planner, and certainly the city dweller will all want to read this book.

Image of the city

The Image of the City

Available in paperback under the title "Good City Form"With the publication of "The Image of the City, " Kevin Lynch embarked on the process of exploration of city form. "A Theory of Good City Form, " his most important book, is both a summation and an extension of his vision, a high point from which he views cities past and possible.The central section of the book develops a new normative theory of city form--an identification of the characteristics that good human settlements "should" possess. This follows an examination of three existing normative theories--those which see the city as a model of the cosmos, as a machine, and as a living organism--which are shown to be finally inadequate and unable to hold up under sustained analysis. In addition, an appendix demonstrates the inadequacies of a number of functional theories--those whose aim is simply to describe "how" settlements work rather than to evaluate how they ought to work. Among these theories are models of cities as ecological systems, as fields of force, as systems of linked decisions, or as areas of class conflict.Lynch puts forth his own theory by searching out the qualities that produce good settlements, qualities that allow "development, within continuity, via openness and connection." He identifies five interrelated dimensions of performance--vitality, sense, fit, access, and control--and two "meta-criteria," efficiency and justice. As in all of Lynch's writing, the theory flows from and leads back to specific examples and everyday realities. The final section of the book is concerned with applications of the theory.

A Theory of Good City Form

With the publication of The Image of the City in 1959, Kevin Lynch embarked upon the process of exploring city form. Good City Form is both a summation and an extension of his vision, a high point from which he views cities past and possible. First published in hardcover under the title A Theory of Good City Form.

Good city form

In the personal image of a city, the sense of place is meshed with the sense of time. A financial district that bustles on Friday is a lifeless desert on Sunday. Any neighborhood has its deposits of slow historic change, and the bulldozers can suddenly release a buried memory of time past. Time-place is a continuum of the mind, as fundamental as the space-time that may be the ultimate reality of the material world. Kevin Lynch's book deals with this human sense of time, a biological rhythm that follows a different beat from most "objective" timepieces. The center of his interest is on how this innate sense affects the ways we view and change -- or conserve, or destroy -- our physical environment, especially in the cities. "... The image of the spatial environment [is] a scaffold to which we attach meanings and a guide by which we order our movements. This image has an immediate practical role in our lives and also a deeper psychological one.... Many parallel statements can be made about the environmental image of time.... Both images have intimate connections with the esthetics of landscape, and both have general implications for social structure and social change." The book is illustrated with numerous photographs and marginal drawings that make its analysis specific. It opens with several case histories of cities transformed by time: London after the Great Fire of 1666; Bath, the city preserved in eighteenth-century amber; Stoke-on-Trent, scarred by centuries of industrial development; Ciudad Guayana, a new but not an instant city; and Havana, a container for social revolution. The next chapters take up place as an emblem and embodiment of past, present, and future time. "The Time Inside" deals with the biology and psychology of time and with its social aspects. An interlude illustrates the symbols of time in a particular place (Boston) and allows residents to comment on how they respond to this time-place. The analysis resumes, taking up the esthetics of environmental time, the proper management of change, and the relation (or lack of one) between environmental and social change. A final chapter looks at all these themes from a general perspective.

Kevin Lynch

Papers

Image of the city

The Image of the City

A Theory of Good City Form

Good city form

What time is this place