Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science

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Logistic Regression A Self Learning Text

The domestic Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is found on all five continents, with a global population of some 202 million. The livelihoods of more people depend on this species than on any other domestic animal. The two distinct types (river and swamp) descended from different wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) populations that diverged some 900 kyr BP and then evolved in separate geographical regions. After domestication in the western region of the Indian subcontinent (ca. 6300 years BP), the river buffalo spread west as far as Egypt, the Balkans and Italy. Conversely, after domestication in the China/Indochina border region ca. 3000-7000 years BP, swamp buffaloes dispersed through south-east Asia and China as far as the Yangtze River valley. Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that swamp buffalo populations have strong geographic genetic differentiation and a lack of gene flow, but strong phenotypic uniformity. In contrast, river buffalo populations show a weaker phylogeographic structure, but higher phenotypic diversity (i.e. many breeds). The recent availability of a high-quality reference genome and of a medium-density marker panel for genotyping has triggered a number of genome-wide investigations on diversity, evolutionary history, production traits and functional elements. The growing molecular knowledge combined with breeding programmes should pave the way to improvements in production, environmental adaptation and disease resistance in water buffalo populations worldwide.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/age.12911

Asian water buffalo: domestication, history and genetics

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Population Genetics in Animal Breeding

The primary aim of the present study is to evaluate the highest concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus, C. gariepinus) and water samples, as well as to investigate the efficiency of pomegranate peels (PPs) (supplemented either through water or diet) in enhancing fish immunity and counteracting the toxicity of high concentrations of HMs. Water and C. gariepinus samples were collected from two private fish farms in Al Sharkia Governorate. Mercury (Hg) showed the highest concentration (0.13 ppm). The adsorption capacity of PP was evaluated by testing different concentrations, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 g L–1, wherein 1.5 g L–1 revealed the highest Hg adsorption efficiency. The results indicated that Hg concentration was decreased with increased PP concentration until 72 h. In a trial that lasted for 60 days, 240 C. gariepinus (75.12 ± 3.12 g) were randomly divided into eight equal groups with three replicates per group. The first group (CT) served as the negative control (fish fed on a basal diet). The second group (PPW) was fed on a basal diet and supplemented with 0.3 g L−1 of PP via water. The third (PPD1) and fourth (PPD2) groups received basal diets enriched with 1 and 2 g PP powder/kg diet. respectively. The fifth group (Hg) served as the positive control that was fed on a basal diet and exposed to 0.13 ppm of Hg. The sixth (Hg + PPW), seventh (Hg + PPD1), and eighth (Hg + PPD2) groups were exposed to 0.13 ppm of Hg and received the same type of treatment as in second, third, and fourth groups. Hg exposure significantly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers, including reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Pomegranate supplementation through diet elevated the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), lysozyme, and anti-protease activity. Moreover, PP supplementation through water revealed minimum urea and creatinine levels, and the highest nitric oxide level. Moreover, Hg residue level in fish muscles noticeably decreased in the PP-treated groups. These results demonstrated the efficiency of PP supplementation (either through water or diet) in enhancing fish immunity and counteracting subchronic Hg toxicity.

Bioremediation effect of pomegranate peel on subchronic mercury immunotoxicity on African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus )

Cytochrome P450 aromatase (encoded by the CYP19A1 gene) regulates oestrogen biosynthesis and so plays an essential role in female fertility. We investigated the genetic association of CYP19A1 with the risk of anoestrus in Egyptian water buffaloes. A total of 651 animals (326 anoestrous and 325 cycling) were used in this case-control study. Using single-strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected; c.-135T>C SNP in the 5'UTR and three non-synonymous SNPs: c.559G>A (p. V187M) in Exon 5, c.1285C>T (p. P429S) and c.1394A>G (p. D465G) in Exon 10. Individual SNP-anoestrus association analyses revealed that genotypes (CC, AA and GG) and alleles (C, A and G) of the -135T>C, c.559G>A and c.1394A>G SNPs respectively were high risk for anoestrus. A further analysis confirmed that these three SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium. Additionally, haplotypes with two (TAG/122 and CAA/221) or three (CAG/222) risk alleles were significantly associated with susceptibility to anoestrus, lower blood levels of both oestradiol and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase) and downregulated expression levels of CYP19A1, oestrogen receptor α and Gpx3 in the ovary, as well as increased serum level of malondialdehyde. This suggests the occurrence of a high incidence of oxidative ovarian damage and subsequently ovarian inactivity in buffaloes carrying risk alleles. Therefore, with this study we suggest the selection of buffaloes with protective alleles at these SNPs to improve the reproductive efficiency of the herd.

Association of CYP19A1 gene polymorphisms with anoestrus in water buffaloes.

A total of 3460 lactation records that represented 1059 dairy Holstein-Friesian cows were used in the present study that aimed to estimate genetic parameters such as heritability, genetic correlations, phenotypic correlations and genetic trends for some productive and reproductive traits. Studied traits were total milk yield, days in milk, fat %, protein %, dry period, age at first calving, number of services per conception, days open and calving interval. Data were collected from Egyptian Copenhagen Company in Alexandria-Cairo desert road for cows calved from 1998 to 2010. Least square analysis of mixed sire model was used in analysis using Harvey (1990) program. Heritability estimates were high for all traits and very high for fat and protein % that exceeded 0.83 in two lactations. Genetic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlations and were high especially among production traits. Regression coefficients of genetic trends were positive for all studied traits except for days in milk and days open (in second lactation) and age at first calving. Generally, the current results showed genetic improvement of most of traits that reflect the efficiency of selection programs.

https://scvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_78285_74f0a170a39b91550c5a8c4581c18137.pdf

Estimation of heritabilities, genetic correlations, phenotypic correlations and genetic trends for production and reproduction traits of Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle using sire model

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the semen quality traits of purebred male rabbits and their crosses under subtropical Egyptian conditions. A full 3 x 3 diallel crossing was performed for producing the first generation progeny of New Zealand White (N), Flander (F) and Rex (R) breeds. The highest ejaculate volume (p< 0.05) and percentage of live sperms (p<0.01) with the lowest percentage of sperm cell morphological abnormalities (p<0.05) had been recorded in the NF bucks. Moreover, they possessed positive estimates of direct heterosis for ejaculate volume, mass motility (Mm), individual motility (Im) and sperm cell concentration (SCC). On the contrary, pH had negative estimates of direct heterosis in all crosses and their reciprocal. Semen pH was negatively correlated with SCC (r = -0.18), Mm (r = -0.13) and Im (r = -0.23). In conclusion, the superiority of crossbreeding was particularly obvious in the New Zealand White x Flander males, which cumulated heterosis and favorable maternal effects of the Flander dams.

/pdf/semen-characteristics-of-purebred-and-crossbred-male-rabbits-571aleux9e.pdf

Semen characteristics of purebred and crossbred male rabbits.

The genetic polymorphism of milk proteins can be a useful guide for selection and an informative marker in breeding research. Kappa casein (CSN3) is a standout amongst the most vital milk proteins in the mammals that assumes a crucial part in the milk quality and coagulation. Considering polymorphism of CSN3 and its relationship with milk characteristics in Holstein Friesian cattle was the target of the current study. The PCRRFLP utilizing Hind III endonuclease enzyme and DNA sequencing were performed on DNA samples extracted from fifty animals. Restriction digestion analysis of 633bp PCR product indicated two genotypes AA (uncut 633 bp), and AB (633, 416, and 217 bp) with higher frequency of A allele (0.80) than B allele (0.20). Animals with AB genotypes had a significantly higher milk yield and SNF % (10724 and 9.26%, respectively), whereas animals with AA genotype had a superior estimate effect on fat (3.36%) and proteins (3.14%). Comparison of the nucleotide sequences between different genotypes revealed only one nucleotide changes (A405G), corresponding to the same amino acid residue alanine. Molecular selection for animals carrying the B allele could impact breeding programs for dairy production in Egypt.

/pdf/association-of-polymorphisms-in-kappa-casein-gene-with-milk-1afdovb0ca.pdf

Association of polymorphisms in kappa casein gene with milk traits in Holstein Friesian cattle

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of some non-genetic factors as year and season of calving on productive and reproductive traits of dairy Holstein-Friesian cows together with the effect of genetic variation in the form of sire analysis on these traits. A total of 3460 lactation records were used for 1059 dairy cows that represented the period from 1998 to 2010. Studied traits were total milk yield (TMY), days in milk (DIM), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), dry period (DP), age at first calving (AFC), number of services per conception (NSC), days open (DO) and calving interval (CI). Analysis was done using sire model by Harvey (1990) software for the first and second lactations. The present herd showed high milk production around 8750 kg per lactation period. Sire effects were significant (P ≤ 0.05) on all traits. Year and season of calving had significant effects on most of studied traits. Linear and quadratic regression coefficients of age at first calving, days open and total milk yield were significant for most of traits. Balanced and unbiased estimates for genetic evaluation could be obtained if the environmental factors fitted in the statistical models.

https://scvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_78284_ec23c24cc7269fe04d11f5bb6f11f4ea.pdf

Genetic and Non-genetic Factors Affecting some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows Raised in Egypt for the First Two Lactations

Khairy M. El-Bayomi

Papers

Association of CYP19A1 gene polymorphisms with anoestrus in water buffaloes.

Estimation of heritabilities, genetic correlations, phenotypic correlations and genetic trends for production and reproduction traits of Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle using sire model

Semen characteristics of purebred and crossbred male rabbits.

Association of polymorphisms in kappa casein gene with milk traits in Holstein Friesian cattle

Genetic and Non-genetic Factors Affecting some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows Raised in Egypt for the First Two Lactations