List of Tables and Figure. Notes on Contributors. Preface. 1. Introduction to Development Communication (Thomas L. McPhail, University of Missouri-St. Lewis). 2. Major Theories Following Modernization (Thomas L. McPhail, University of Missouri-St. Lewis). 3. United Nations and Specialized Agencies (Thomas L. McPhail, University of Missouri-St. Lewis). 4. The Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) (Thomas L. McPhail, University of Missouri-St. Lewis). 5. Differing Views of World Culture (Thomas L. McPhail, University of Missouri-St. Lewis). 6. A Framework for Conceptualizing Technology in Development (Renee Houston, University of Puget Sound and Michele H. Jackson, University of Colorado and Boulder). 7. The Global Digital Divide (Mitchell F. Rice, Texas A&M University). 8. Feminism in a Post-Development Age (Luz Estella Porras, University of Oregon and H. Leslie Steeves, University of Oregon). 9. Sonagachi Project: A Case Study Set in India (Satarupa Dasgupta, Temple University). 10. Roma Project: A Case Study Set in Europe (Eva Szalvai, Colby-Sawyer College). 11. Summary and Conclusions (Thomas L. McPhail, University of Missouri-St. Lewis). Bibliography. Index.

Development communication : reframing the role of the media

The objectives were to understand the level of knowledge a community based study conducted with the objectives as follows: To estimate the proportion of common facilities available and accessible and frequency of utilizing of it; To estimate the proportion of female adolescent utilizing the availability of facilities. To assess the level of understanding related to puberty and related health problems among female adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the understanding and level of knowledge related to puberty and related health problems among female adolescents of Karachi Pakistan. Data was collected from 150 female adolescents between 10-19 years of age. The pre-coded questionnaire was used to collect the data which was double entered and analyzed in SPSS. Sixty six percent (66%) of the participants were aware of the names of reproductive organs. Majority of the participants received information related to sexuality from their mothers. Sixty seven percent (67%) of the participants did not know about self breast examination. Cable and internet were cited as a major source of puberty and sexual health related information. The study concluded that there is a lack of knowledge related to puberty and related health problems among female adolescents. This study recommends that the adolescents should be provided with health education before and during their puberty period to make them confident in dealing with their body changes during puberty effectively. (authors)

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Understanding of puberty and related health problems among female adolescents in Karachi, Pakistan.

Virulence of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens strains, which immigrated into Japan between 1997 and 1999, was examined on five rice varieties, Mudgo (carrying a resistance gene Bph 1), IR26 (Bph 1), ASD7 (bph 2), Norin PL10 (Bph 3), and Babawee (bph 4). Newly emerging brachypterous females of N. lugens were released on test rice plants at the tillering stage, and we defined the females that became heavily swollen or survived for five days as virulent. Between 45 and 87% of the females were virulent to ASD7, although such high virulence had not been detected before 1997. Between 49 and 98% of the females were virulent to Mudgo and IR26. Virulence to rice varieties carrying Bph 1 in the N. lugens population has continued to become stronger since the 1988-1990 period in which changes in virulence were first found. In contrast, virulence of the N. lugens strains to Norin PL 10 and Babawee was still at a low level, with 5 to 27% of the females being virulent. The results indicate that the resistance of Bph 1 has probably broken down and the resistance of bph 2 may be becoming ineffective for the N. lugens populations immigrating into Japan.

Development of virulence to resistant rice varieties in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae), immigrating into Japan

Pakistan has one of the largest cohorts of young people in its history, yet research on their circumstances and needs is still relatively new. In this study, twenty four focus group discussions were conducted to explore young peoples' experiences of gaining knowledge of personal and sexual development. Young women typically gained information from a limited number of sources within the home, while young men accessed a wide variety of information sources outside the home. Gaining information was frequently event-based, whereby specific events (i.e. puberty, marriage) trigger information provision to young people, however often too late to be educative. Overall, young people were critical of the quality of information they received, which often led to confusion and stress in understanding sexual development. Findings highlight a gap in formal systems of information provision. Although young people highlighted the merits of school-based information delivery, low school attendance and high drop-out rates amongst girls mean that alternative mechanisms of reaching young Pakistani women need to be identified.

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Knowledge of personal and sexual development amongst young people in Pakistan.

This report reviews research and findings on adolescents and reproductive health in Pakistan. The material is drawn from a range of national surveys and medical research, as well as information gathered by nongovernmental organizations. Although adolescents make up a quarter of the population of Pakistan, they are still a new subject for research. The characterization of adolescents for this review is individuals ages 10–19, whether or not they are married, sexually active, or parents. The discussion of the research material is based on the assumption that adolescence is a developmental phase, a transition from childhood to adulthood. Basic data on education, employment, and reproductive health among adolescents shows that they are not receiving adequate schooling and capability building to equip them for the future. Due to their relative youth, lack of decision-making power, and incomplete personal development, adolescents are ill equipped to handle the reproductive health burden they face. Policies and programs, as well as legal provisions, do not protect adolescents and need to be designed to meet the needs of adolescents without disrupting their development into adults.

Adolescents and reproductive health in pakistan: a literature review

Khawar Mumtaz examines the gender–poverty nexus in Pakistan, and how gender disparities relate to, and link with, poverty reduction, economic growth and wellbeing.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.development.1100369.pdf

Gender and Poverty in Pakistan

1. How did they respond to the power of ideas as the ‘line’ for the journal issue, in particular, the constant message of Development about the importance of human-focused development and the need to explore alternatives to mainstream development? 2. Which ideas or policies did they see SID or Development as the quarterly journal of SID bring to the fore as cutting edge that led to real change.Which ideas need to be voiced that are not yet heard or acted upon? 3. What are some of the tensions in the development discourse, such as the tensions between North and South, between advocacy groups and policy groups, etc.? Who are the keyactors in development today?What are the pressing issues in development today? Wendy Harcourt, Editor Development Development, 2007, 50(S1), (4–32) r 2007 Society for International Development 1011-6370/07 www.sidint.org/development

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.development.1100394.pdf

Reflections on 50 years of Development

Woman to Woman : transfer of health and reproductive knowledge

Wendy Harcourt and Khawar Mumtaz, who have worked together for the last decade on many issues around women's rights, environment and reproductive health, reflect on how globalization has impacted on women's place-based organizing. They take the processes around the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994 and the work of Shirkat Gah in Pakistan as reference points for their discussion.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.development.1110315.pdf

Fleshly Politics: Women's bodies, politics and globalization

Khawar Mumtaz outlines how the ICPD helped to shift the nature of the population and development debate in Pakistan by bringing women's fundamental needs and the links between productive and reproductive rights into sharp relief.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.development.1110003.pdf

Khawar Mumtaz

Papers

Gender and Poverty in Pakistan

Reflections on 50 years of Development

Woman to Woman : transfer of health and reproductive knowledge

Fleshly Politics: Women's bodies, politics and globalization

Bringing Together the Rights to Livelihoods and Reproductive Health