Phenol and its derivatives are one of the largest groups of environmental pollutants due to their presence in many industrial effluents and broad application as antibacterial and antifungal agents. A number of microbial species possess enzyme systems that are applicable for the decomposition of various aliphatic and aromatic toxic compounds. Intensive efforts to screen species with high-degradation activity are needed to study their capabilities of degrading phenol and phenolic derivatives. Mostofthecurrentresearchhasbeendirectedattheisolationandstudyofmicrobial species of potential ecological significance. In this review, some of the best achievementsindegradingphenoliccompoundsbybacteriaandyeastsarepresented,which draws attention to the high efficiency of strains of Pseudomonas, Candida tropicalis, Trichosporon cutaneum, etc. The unique ability of fungi to maintain their degradation potential under conditions unfavorable for other microorganisms is outstanding. Mathematical models of the microbial biodegradation dynamics of single and mixed aromatic compounds, which direct to the benefit of the processes studied in optimization of modern environmental biotechnology are also presented.

Microbial degradation of phenol and phenolic derivatives

Ecotoxicity of phenol and cresols to aquatic organisms: A review.

Phenol and its derivatives are common water pollutants and include wide variety of organic chemicals. Phenol poisoning can occur by skin absorption, inhalation, ingestion and various other methods which can result in health effects. High exposures to phenol may be fatal to human beings. Accumulation of phenol creates toxicity both for flora and fauna. Therefore, removal of phenol is crucial to perpetuate the environment and individual. Among various treatment methods available for removal of phenols, biodegradation is environmental friendly. Biological methods are gaining importance as they convert the wastes into harmless end products. The present work focuses on assessment of biological removal (biodegradation) of phenol. Various factors influence the efficiency of biodegradation of phenol such as ability of the microorganism, enzymes involved, the mechanism of degradation and influencing factors. This study describes about the sources of phenol, adverse effects on the environment, microorganisms involved in the biodegradation (aerobic and anaerobic) and enzymes that polymerize phenol.

/pdf/biological-removal-of-phenol-from-wastewaters-a-mini-review-1hz6fjpalu.pdf

Biological removal of phenol from wastewaters: a mini review

Environmental pollution implies any alteration in the surroundings but it is restricted in use especially to mean any deterioration in the physical, chemical, and biological quality of the environment All types of pollution, directly or indirectly, affect human health Present scenario of pollution calls for immediate attention towards the remediation and detoxification of these hazardous agents in order to have a healthy living environment The present communication will deal with the use of naturally occurring microbes capable of bioremediating the major environmental pollutants

Use of Pseudomonas spp. for the bioremediation of environmental pollutants: a review

Phenol is a major pollutant in the wastewater because of its presence in the effluent of major processing and refining plants. It has severe effect on human being, both short term and long term. Various methods are used for removal of the phenol from wastewater such as adsorption, photodecomposition, volatilization and other various biological and non-biological methods. In the present study attempt is done to present the survey of the research on the phenol removal by various methods. The methods such as Polymerization, electrocoagulation, extraction, photodecomposition, advanced oxidation and ion exchange were used effectively by various investigators. These methods are reported to be efficient for the phenol removal. Suitable method for phenol removal can be selected based on availability of the material, extent of separation required and properties of phenolic effluent.

http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0413/ijsrp-p16116.pdf

Review on Research for Removal of Phenol from Wastewater

Aromatic compounds are widely distributed in nature and free phenols are frequently liberated as metabolic intermediates during the degradation of plant materials. In recent years the natural supply of phenolic substances has been greatly increased due to the release of industrial byproducts into the environment. Effluents from petrochemical, textile and coal industries contain phenolic compounds in very high concentration; therefore there is a necessity to remove phenolic compounds from the environment. Among various techniques available for removal of phenols, biodegradation is an environment friendly and cost effective method. This paper describes about the various sources of phenol, various microorganisms involved in the biodegradation including aerobe and anaerobe, effect of environmental parameters on phenol degradation and kinetic analysis of biodegradation, and various

Recent advances in the Biodegradation of Phenol: A review

L-Asparaginase is a therapeutic enzyme widely used as an antitumor agent for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcoma. Its potential applications as a therapeutic agent and food additive require production at high yields in a low-cost medium with high purity and stability. Statistical experimental designs were applied to identify and optimize the significant parameters for the fermentative production of L-asparaginase by Pectobacterium carotovorum Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) 1428. Screening of different carbon sources identified galactose as the best carbon source for the production of L-asparaginase. Twelve medium components were selected and sixteen experiments were carried out based on the Plackett–Burman (PB) design for identifying the most significant medium components. Yeast extract, galactose, monosodium glutamate, MgSO4.7H2O and CaCl2.2H2O were found to be the most significant components that affected the production of L-asparaginase, and they were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design. This optimized medium showed maximum production rates of periplasmic and extracellular L-asparaginase of 3.25 and 0.83 U ml−1, respectively. The periplasmic L-asparaginase production in the optimized medium was twofold higher than in the basal medium. Unstructured kinetic models were applied and satisfactorily described the cell growth, product formation and substrate utilization profile, thus providing a better understanding and prediction of the fermentation profile. This paper details the application of PB experimental design and RSM for the optimization of L-asparaginase production from Pe. carotovorum MTCC 1428 in submerged fermentation. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Khazi Mahammedilyas Basha

Papers

Recent advances in the Biodegradation of Phenol: A review

Sequential optimization and kinetic modeling of L-asparaginase production by Pectobacterium carotovorum in submerged fermentation