PURPOSE:To save number of terminals supplied to an output section and to miniaturize the titled switch by comparing a control input terminal voltage of an output switching element with a reference voltage and stopping the output of a detection switch section based on the compared output. CONSTITUTION:When a switch circuit 1 detects an object and produces an output, a constant current circuit 10 is driven, an output transistor (Tr)4 is driven by a constant current and a load current is applied to a load L. When the load current is within a prescribed range, a terminal voltage across a short-circuit detection resistor R5 is low and lower than a reference voltage Vr of a comparator circuit 11 comprising a constant current circuit 12, a diode 13 and a resistor R14, then the circuit 11 gives an output to a delay circuit 15. When Trs 16, 18 are conducted, the current of the circuit 10 flows to the Tr 16, 18 and the resistor 19 to limit the short-circuit current to a prescribed value. When a prescribed time is elapsed, a short-circuit signal is given from the circuit 15 to an output terminal of the circuit 1 to stop the output of the circuit 1.

Short-circuit protection circuit of contactless switch

PURPOSE:To realize a smooth deceleration, by presetting a negative acceleration to the pressing angle of an accelerator pedal, and controlling a clutch depending on the difference between the preset negative acceleration and the actual negative acceleration, when the automatic transmission is converted from a running direction to the reverse direction. CONSTITUTION:An automatic transmission 3 connected to the engine 1 of a fork lift through a clutch 2 is shifted to the low and the high stages by a shift converting actuator 7, and to the forward, backward, and the neutral stages through a forward/backward shift converting actuator 8. In this case, a negative acceleration to the pressing angle of an accelerator pedal is preset. And, when the automatic transmission 3 is converted from a running direction to the reverse direction, the negative acceleration at the time and the actual negative acceleration are compared, and the connecting condition of the clutch 2 is controlled to make the actual negative acceleration equal to the negative acceleration of the accelerator pedal pressing angle.

Clutch control method in switchback running for vehicle with automatic transmission

PURPOSE:To protect a switching circuit different in current capacity by decreasing the power voltage of a load in response to an overcurrent when the overcurrent flows to each switching circuit and a voltage being the conversion of a load current exceeds a reference voltage to limit the load current flowing to the switching circuit. CONSTITUTION:A differential amplifier circuit 13 compares the reference voltage Ea with a voltage drop Va=IaR across resistor 11 due to a load current 1a. lf an overcurrent flows because of any cause to the load 4a such as short-circuit and the relation of Va-Ea>0 exists, a difference signal DELTAE in response to the (Va-Ea) is outputted to a limit circuit 7 from the differential amplifier circuit 13. The limit circuit 7 amplifies the difference signal DELTAE by a transistor (TR) 10 and the result is fed to a current control TR 8 as its base voltage. The emitter of the current control TR 8 is limited to the voltage in response to the base voltage, the power voltage of the load 4a is decreased and the load current flowing to the switching element 2a is decreased.

Protection circuit for load switching device

PURPOSE:To obtain a hard contact lens material having excellent oxygen permeability and surface hardness by using a copolymer of specific methacrylate and if desired, other vinyl monomer copolymerizable therewith as an essential material. CONSTITUTION:The methacrylate expressed by the formula (R1, R2, R3 are any among alkyl, phenyl and alkylphenyl) and if desired other vinyl monomer, for exmple, a monomer which is (meth)acrylate and is except the monomer expressed by the formula or a monomer such as vinyl acetate, styrene, acrylonitrile or the like, (meth)acrylic acid having a hydrophilic group, itaconic acid, beta- hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, vinly pyrolidone and a compd. having <=2 copolymerizable unsatd. bonds in one molecule are copolymerized. The material which has high oxygen permeability coefft., substantial hardness and good wettability with water and is suitable for a hard contact lens is thus obtd.

Hard contact lens material

PURPOSE:To produce the membrane having high separating capacity and permeability, by dissolving the polymer of a norbornene derivative containing COOH group in a mono-(di) alkyl N-substitution product of an organic acid amide of carbon number of 1-2 and by forming the film from this solution in the specified condition.

Preparation of sparation membrane

PURPOSE:To facilitate removal of dirt of a lens and prevent the pollution due to bacteria, by making the thin layer of the surface of a contact lens-shaped polymer of ester acrylate or ester methacrylate hydrophilic with an alkaline aqueous solution. CONSTITUTION:A contact lens-shaped polymer obtained by polymerization of ester acrylate or ester methacrylate is treated at 30-120 deg.C for 0.5-48hr with, for example, 5-50wt% alkaline aqueous solution or is treated at 60-100 deg.C for 3-48hr with 5-90wt% aqueous solution of acid such as hydrochloric acid to form a reformed layer having thickness 0.01-50mu on the lens surface. COOH in the resin is exposed in the reformed layer, and the reformed layer is made hydrophilic. This hydrophilic lens is treated with polyhydric alcohol to convert COOH to the surface to polyhydric alcohol ester, and the lens is prevented from being clouded by Ca components or the like in the liquid. Thus, the inside of the lens is not t polluted by bacteria or the like, and thus, a lens is obtained where dirt removability, water wettability, and wear comfortableness are excellent and the durability of the reformed layer is high.

Kiyomatsu Yasuhiro

Papers

Preparation of sparation membrane

Production of contact lens