Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd the perception of the visual world to read.

The Perception of the Visual World. By James J. Gibson. U.S.A.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950 (George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London). Price 35s.

The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of medical supervision; careful presedation evaluation for underlying medical or surgical conditions that would place the child at increased risk from sedating medications; appropriate fasting for elective procedures and a balance between depth of sedation and risk for those who are unable to fast because of the urgent nature of the procedure; a focused airway examination for large tonsils or anatomic airway abnormalities that might increase the potential for airway obstruction; a clear understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of the medications used for sedation, as well as an appreciation for drug interactions; appropriate training and skills in airway management to allow rescue of the patient; age- and size-appropriate equipment for airway management and venous access; appropriate medications and reversal agents; sufficient numbers of people to carry out the procedure and monitor the patient; appropriate physiologic monitoring during and after the procedure; a properly equipped and staffed recovery area; recovery to presedation level of consciousness before discharge from medical supervision; and appropriate discharge instructions. This report was developed through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry to offer pediatric providers updated information and guidance in delivering safe sedation to children.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/118/6/2587.full.pdf

Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures.

We propose 10 challenges for making automation components into effective "team players" when they interact with people in significant ways. Our analysis is based on some of the principles of human-centered computing that we have developed individually and jointly over the years, and is adapted from a more comprehensive examination of common ground and coordination.

Ten challenges for making automation a "team player" in joint human-agent activity

Much previous work in artificial intelligence has neglected representing time in all its complexity. In particular, it has neglected continuous change and the indeterminacy of the future. To rectify this, I have developed a first-order temporal logic, in which it is possible to name and prove things about facts, events, plans, and world histories. In particular, the logic provides analyses of causality, continuous change in quantities, the persistence of facts (the frame problem), and the relationship between tasks and actions. It may be possible to implement a temporal-inference machine based on this logic, which keeps track of several “maps” of a time line, one per possible history.

A Temporal Logic for Reasoning about Processes and Plans.

https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/26/5/476.1.full.pdf

The perception of causality

When designing a joint system for a complex, dynamic, open environment, where the consequences of poor performance by the joint system are potentially grave, the need to shape the machine agents into team players is critical. Traditionally, the assumption has been that if a joint system fails to perform adequately, the cause can be traced to so-called “human error.” However, if one digs a little deeper, they find that the only reason many of these joint systems perform adequately at all is because of the resourcefulness and adaptability that the human agents display in the face of uncommunicative and uncooperative machine agents. The ability of a joint system to perform effectively in the face of difficult problems depends intimately on the ability of the human and machine agents to coordinate and capitalize upon the unique abilities and information to which each agent has access.For automated agents to become team players, there are two fundamental characteristics which need to be designed in from the beginning: observability and directability. In other words, users need to be able to see what the automated agents are doing and what they will do next relative to the state of the process, and users need to be able to re-direct machine activities fluently in instances where they recognize a need to intervene. These two basic capabilities are the keys to fostering a cooperative relationship between the human and machine agents in any joint system.

1. How to make automated systems team players

Data overload is a generic and tremendously difficult problem. We examine three characterizations of the data overload problem and how they lead to different proposed solutions. The first characterization is a clutter problem where there is “too much stuff,” which leads to proposals to reduce the number of data units that are displayed. The second characterization is a workload bottleneck where there is too much data to process in the time available. Data overload as a workload bottleneck shifts the view to practitioner activities rather than elemental data and leads to proposals to use automation to perform activities for the practitioner. The third characterization is a problem in finding the significance of data when it not known a priori what data will be informative. This characterization leads to model-based abstractions and representation design techniques as potential solutions. Many of the existing approaches to coping with data overload avoid directly confronting the problem that what is signifi...

Can We Ever Escape from Data Overload? A Cognitive Systems Diagnosis

The practice of sedating patients in the hospital for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures may be associated with life-threatening respiratory depression. We describe a method that uses a simulated event to identify latent system failures. A simulated scenario was developed that was reproducible with realistic physiology that degraded over time if no interventions occurred and improved when treated appropriately. Management of the scenario was observed in an ideal setting, a radiology department, and an emergency department. Event management was videotaped. The simulator's physiological data were saved automatically at 5-s intervals. Deviations from "best practice" were measured by using a set of video markers for event detection, diagnosis, and treatment. The simulator data files were used to calculate time out of range for critical variables. Hypoxia and hypotension lasted 4.5 and 5.5 min in the radiology and emergency departments, respectively, compared with 0 min in the gold standard setting. Many latent failures were identified by reviewing the video. This study supports the feasibility of using available human simulation as a crash-test dummy to more objectively quantify rescue system performance in actual sedation care settings. This method revealed vulnerabilities in personnel and in care systems even though sedation care regulatory requirements were met.

A method for measuring system safety and latent errors associated with pediatric procedural sedation.

http://csel.eng.ohio-state.edu/productions/laws/laws_talk/media/4_1_balance_rd.pdf

Balancing Practice-Centered Research and Design

This paper proposes a descriptive model of the contents of communication among distributed practitioners engaged in the cognitive work of anomaly response and replanning. The model was used for a re-analysis of data on coordinative activities in response to an anomaly in a past space shuttle mission, and for a new analysis of log-based communication among flight controllers during normal space station operations. The model was found to be useful for supporting the discovery of patterns in communication among practitioners in complex work domains by providing a “coding scheme” that transforms domain-specific data into domain-independent protocols. The results of these model-based analyses have important implications for the design of computer-supported cooperative work.

Klaus Christoffersen

Papers

1. How to make automated systems team players

Can We Ever Escape from Data Overload? A Cognitive Systems Diagnosis

A method for measuring system safety and latent errors associated with pediatric procedural sedation.

Balancing Practice-Centered Research and Design

A Model of Communication in Support of Distributed Anomaly Response and Replanning